Zolimba ndi Makristalo a Methylene Blue M’madzimadzi: Kuthetsa Mavuto

Madzi amakhala oonekera bwino Lolemba koma amakhala ndi makristalo Lachisanu. Kapena ufa susungunuka wonse ngakhale utagwedezedwa mwamphamvu. Kapena madzimadzi awiri oonekera bwino amasanduka amtambo akangosakanizidwa. Zonsezi zimatchedwa kutuluka kwa methylene blue ngati cholimba, koma ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana okhala ndi zifukwa ndi njira zothetsera zosiyanasiyana.

Cholakwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maonekedwe ngati chitsimikizo cha vuto. Zolimba zooneka zimayankha funso limodzi lokha: pali cholimba chosiyana ndi madzimadzi. Zina zonse, monga mtundu wa cholimbacho, chifukwa chake chapangika, ndi zoyenera kuchita nacho, ziyenera kudziwika kuchokera pa nthawi, kapangidwe ka chisakanizo, madzi osungunuliramo, ndi malangizo ogwirira ntchito olembedwa pa chizindikiro cha chinthu chimene muli nacho.

Kutha kusungunuka kumakhazikitsa malire

Nthawi iliyonse yofufuza vuto iyenera kuyamba ndi kufufuza komweku: kodi chisakanizochi chili pafupi bwanji ndi malire a kusungunuka m’madzi osungunuliramo amenewa pa kutentha kumeneku.

Pa mchere wa chloride m’madzi oyera opanda zinthu zina, zolemba za PubChem zokhudza methylene blue zimasonkhanitsa mfundo yakuti imatha kusungunuka pafupifupi 43.6 mg/mL pa 25 C. Zotsatira zina za kuyesa zinapeza 43.2 g/L pa kutentha komweko komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwabwino kwa mphamvu ya kutentha posungunuka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka komwe kungasungunuke kumakwera kwambiri potenthetsa ndipo kumatsika kwambiri poziziritsa. M’zotsatira zimenezo, kuchuluka kofika pa malire a kusungunuka kunali pafupifupi 19 g/L pa 5 C, 43 g/L pa 25 C, ndi 84 g/L pa 45 C.

Pali mfundo ziwiri zofunika kuziganizira musanagwiritse ntchito manambalawa ngati muyezo wovomerezeka. Choyamba, zolemba za PubChem zokhudza mtundu wa trihydrate zili ndi chiwerengero china chosonkhanitsidwa, chosachepera 100 mg/mL pafupi ndi kutentha kwa m’chipinda, chochokera ku gwero lina ndi cholimba chotchulidwa ngati cha mtundu wina. Ziwerengero ziwirizi siziyenera kuphatikizidwa kukhala mtengo umodzi woona. Chachiwiri, kafukufuku wa kapangidwe ka makristalo anapeza mitundu isanu yosiyana ya methylene blue yokhala ndi madzi m’kapangidwe kake, koma sanapeze mtundu umodzi wokha wa trihydrate wopanda mitundu ina. Komabe, trihydrate likadali dzina lovomerezeka m’mabuku a miyezo ndi pa zinthu zogulitsidwa. Mwachidule, cholimba chimene mumayeza sichingakhale ndendende cholimba chotchulidwa pa chizindikiro, ndipo kutha kwake kusungunuka kumatsatira cholimba chenichenicho ndi madzi osungunuliramo, osati dzina lokha. Mitundu ya zolimba imene ili kumbuyo kwa mayina a hydrate imafotokoza chifukwa chake mayina a m’mabuku a miyezo angasiyane ndi kapangidwe ka makristalo.

Poyerekeza, mankhwala omalizidwa a PROVAYBLUE ndi madzimadzi a 5 mg/mL, otsika kwambiri kuposa malire a m’madzi oyera opanda zinthu zina. Makristalo a methylene blue ooneka m’madzimadzi pa kuchuluka kumeneko, atasungidwa moyenera, sangathe kufotokozedwa ngati kungofika pa malire a kusungunuka pamene zinthu zili pa mgwirizano. Chinthu china, monga kutentha komwe anadutsamo, chinthu chowonjezedwa, kapena gwero la tinthu tolimba kunja kwa utotowo, chiyenera kuganiziridwanso pakati pa zifukwa zotheka.

Nthawi ndiyo njira yoyamba yosiyanitsira mavuto

Musanayambe kufotokoza chifukwa, lembani nthawi imene zolimba zinaonekera poyerekeza ndi zochitika zitatu: nthawi yoyamba imene ufa unakumana ndi madzi osungunuliramo, nthawi iliyonse yosiyidwa kapena yoziziritsidwa, ndi nthawi yowonjezera chinthu chachiwiri. Ndondomeko imodzi imeneyi ya nthawi imasiyanitsa mavuto ambiri.

Zomwe zaoneka ndi nthawi yake	Kapangidwe ka chisakanizo ndi madzi osungunuliramo	Njira yomwe mwina yachititsa vutolo	Zoyang’ana pa chizindikiro kapena kagwiridwe	Chochita chotsatira
Zolimba zilipo kuyambira pachiyambi; ufa susungunuka mpaka madzi kuonekera bwino	Kuchuluka kuli pafupi kapena pamwamba pa malire enieni a kusungunuka; madzi osungunuliramo sali oyenera mtundu wa cholimbacho; nthawi yosungunula ndi yosakwanira	Kusungunuka kosakwanira, osati vuto la kusunga	Tsimikizirani mtundu wa cholimba choyezedwacho, kuchuluka kofunidwa, ndi madzi osungunuliramo pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yotsimikiziridwa	Chepetsani kuchuluka kapena sinthani madzi osungunuliramo potsatira ndondomeko yotsimikiziridwa; tsimikizirani gawo losungunuka poyesa kuchuluka kwake, osati pongoyang’ana
Oonekera bwino poyamba, kenako makristalo kapena mtambo atasiyidwa kapena ataziziritsidwa	Chisakanizo chosungira cha m’madzi chokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu; kusunga m’chipinda chozizira kapena mufiriji	Kuchuluka kosungunuka kuposa malire, kenako kuyamba kupanga maziko a makristalo mochedwa	Onaninso kutentha kosungirako pa chizindikiro; malangizo a kusunga ndi kugwira mankhwalawa amatchula 20 mpaka 25 C popanda kusunga mufiriji kapena kuundana	Tenthetsani pokhapokha ngati ndondomeko ikuloleza; apo ayi konzani chatsopano chokhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa ndipo chisungeni pa kutentha kotchulidwa pa chizindikiro
Mtambo kapena tinthu timatuluka madzimadzi awiri akasakanizidwa	Madzi ochepetsera kuchuluka omwe ali ndi chloride, makamaka madzi amchere a 0.9%; kusakaniza ndi mankhwala ena	Kusagwirizana kapena mchere kuchititsa chinthu kutuluka m’madzi	Malangizo ogwiritsa ntchito PROVAYBLUE amalamula kuchepetsa kuchuluka ndi dextrose ya 5% pamene kuchepetsa kuchuluka kukuchitika, ndipo amachenjeza kuti chloride imachepetsa kutha kusungunuka; yang’anani ngati muli tinthu tolimba	Imani ndipo patulani chisakanizocho; musasefe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala obayidwa omwe ali ndi tinthu; onaninso dongosolo lowonjezera zinthu potsatira njira za kuchepetsa kuchuluka ndi kuonetsetsa kugwirizana
Mtundu wabuluu ukufota popanda zinthu zokhazikika pansi	Pali chinthu chopereka maelekitironi, monga ascorbic acid; mpweya wa oxygen wachotsedwa kenako walowetsedwanso	Kusintha kwa redox kupita ku mtundu wa leuco wopanda mtundu, osati kutuluka kwa cholimba	Yang’anani mndandanda wa zosakaniza kuti muone ngati pali zinthu zopereka kapena kulandira maelekitironi	Tsimikizirani mwa kupima mayamwidwe a kuwala ndi spectroscopy (kutha kwa chigawo chooneka cha mayamwidwe a methylene blue), osati kusanthula tinthu; lichiteni ngati vuto la kusintha kwa mankhwala, osati la kutha kusungunuka
Tinthu m’botolo la mankhwala losatsegulidwa lomwe lasungidwa moyenera	Mankhwala omalizidwa a 5 mg/mL osanapitirire tsiku lotha ntchito, ndipo kuchuluka kwake sikunachepetsedwe	Tinthu tochokera kunja kapena ku chotengera, kapena chilema cha mankhwala; osati kungofika pa malire a kusungunuka	Tsatirani malangizo a pa chizindikiro oyang’ana tinthu tolimba ndi kusintha kwa mtundu musanagwiritse ntchito	Patulani botololo kuti lisagwiritsidwe ntchito ndipo tsatirani njira yoperekera dandaulo la mankhwala; maonekedwe okha sangathe kuzindikira tinthuto, monga tafotokozera pa mmene mayeso osanthula amasiyanitsira kudziwika kwa chinthu ndi maonekedwe ake

Zolakwika pokonza: zolimba kuyambira mphindi yoyamba

Ufa umene susungunuka umaloza ku kakonzedwe, osati ku kasungidwe. Zifukwa zofala ndi kuchuluka kopitirira malire enieni a kusungunuka m’madzi osungunuliramo osankhidwawo, kuganiza kuti madzi ena osungunuliramo ndi ofanana pomwe si ofanana, ndi kusaudikira mokwanira.

Ethanol ikusonyeza msampha wa kusankha madzi osungunuliramo. Kufotokoza kuti methylene blue imasungunuka mu ethanol kumabisa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zotsatira za kuyesa, ndipo mabuku akale amafotokoza kuti trihydrate imasungunuka pang’ono chabe mu mowa. M’zotsatira zoyesa kutentha zotchulidwa pamwambapa, ethanol pa 25 C inasungunula pafupifupi 37 g/L poyerekeza ndi madzi pa 43 g/L, ndipo zonse zinasintha kwambiri ndi kutentha. Ndondomeko yomwe yasinthidwa kuchoka ku madzi ena osungunuliramo kupita ku ena, kapena kuchoka pa kutentha kwina kupita pa kwina, popanda kutsimikiziridwanso ingapitirire malire mosazindikirika.

Kulumikizana kwa mamolekyulu kumawonjezera msampha wosaoneka mosavuta. Methylene blue imalumikizana yokha m’madzi kupanga magulu a mamolekyulu awiri ndi magulu okulirapo, ndipo molekyulu imodzi imayamwa kuwala pafupi ndi 665 nm pamene maguluwo amathandizira mayamwidwe pafupi ndi 605 mpaka 612 nm. Choncho madzimadzi okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu angasinthe mtundu kapena mmene amayamwira kuwala ngakhale akhalebe oonekera bwino. Magulu a mamolekyulu awiri si kutuluka kwa methylene blue ngati cholimba. Kuona kusintha kulikonse kwa mayamwidwe a kuwala ngati chizindikiro cha kuyandikira kwa kupanga makristalo kumabweretsa njira, monga kusefa mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimathana ndi vuto lolakwika.

Kusintha posunga: oonekera bwino poyamba, makristalo pambuyo pake

Madzi amene anali oonekera bwino koma kenako amasiya makristalo ndi chizindikiro chakuti kuchuluka kosungunuka kwapitirira malire. Madzimadzi ofunda amatha kukhala ndi utoto wosungunuka wochuluka kuposa ozizira. Chisakanizo chosungira chokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu, chokonzedwa chikatentha kenako n’kusamutsidwa ku chipinda chozizira kapena mufiriji, chingakhale choonekera bwino kwa maola ambiri koma chosakhazikika mokwanira, maziko a makristalo asanayambe kupangika. Maziko oyamba akangopangika, kupanga makristalo kungapite mofulumira, n’chifukwa chake kusinthaku kumaoneka ngati kwachitika mwadzidzidzi.

Apa ndi pamene malangizo ogwira ndi kusunga a pa chizindikiro amakhala ofunika. Mankhwalawa amalembedwa kuti asungidwe pa 20 mpaka 25 C, ndi kulola kusintha kwakanthawi pakati pa 15 ndi 30 C, kutetezedwa ku kuwala, komanso malangizo omveka bwino oletsa kusunga mufiriji ndi kuundana. Choncho kufufuza tinthu m’mankhwala oterewa kuyenera kuyamba ndi kufunsa za kutentha komwe anadutsamo musanafufuze za kusintha kwa mankhwala. Kusunga mozizira chinthu chimene malangizo ake amaletsa zimenezi ndi kupatuka pa kagwiridwe kovomerezeka, ndipo njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kukonza ndondomeko, osati kuyesa kupulumutsa zomwe zili m’botolo.

Khalidwe la mitundu yokhala ndi madzi m’kapangidwe ka cholimba lingawonjezere kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono posunga. Chifukwa cholimbacho chingakhale m’mitundu yambiri ya hydrate, chisakanizo cha tinthu toyandama kapena chisakanizo chosungunuka movutikira chingasinthe kuchokera ku mtundu wina wa cholimba kupita ku wina chikasiyidwa, n’kusintha kuchuluka komwe kumakhalabe kosungunuka. Izi n’zofunika makamaka pa zosakaniza zosungira za m’labotale zokonzedwa pafupi ndi malire a kusungunuka ndi kusungidwa kwa milungu, osati pa zinthu zomalizidwa zokhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa.

Kusagwirizana: zolimba zomwe zimatsatira kusakaniza

Mtambo ukatuluka zinthu ziwiri zikakumana, ganizirani kuti vuto lili pa kuphatikizako, osati pa utoto wokha. Chitsanzo cholembedwa bwino kwambiri ndi chloride. Malangizo ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amapewa madzi a sodium chloride ngati ochepetsera kuchuluka chifukwa chloride imachepetsa kutha kusungunuka, ndipo mfundo za mankhwala za ku Australia zimanena za kutuluka kwa cholimba akasakanizidwa ndi madzi amchere a 0.9%. Kafukufuku wa mmene izi zimachitikira amathandizira kufotokoza kuti kupanga magulu ndi kutuluka kwa chinthu chifukwa cha mchere zimadalira chloride: mchere wowonjezedwa umasinthira mgwirizano wa kulumikizana kwa mamolekyulu ku magulu okulirapo, ndipo chloride ikakhala yochuluka, maguluwo amatuluka m’madzi. Choncho madzi amchere si madzi chabe okhala ndi ayoni wosachita kanthu. Ndi madzi ena osungunuliramo okhala ndi malire otsika.

Kusagwirizana kwina kwalembedwa m’mafayilo a mfundo za mankhwala, osati kungokhala nkhani zofala m’labotale: ma alkali owononga, ma iodide, ma dichromate, ndi zinthu zolandira ndi zopereka maelekitironi. Zalembedwanso kuti mchere wambiri wa zinthu zosakhala za kaboni umapanga mchere wophatikiza mitundu iwiri. Mikhalidwe yokhala ndi alkali yamphamvu imachita zambiri kuposa kutulutsa cholimba; mu alkali ya 0.1 M utotowo umasintha mwamankhwala, makamaka kupita ku methylene violet. Uku ndi kuwonongeka, ndipo palibe kusintha kothandiza kusungunuka komwe kungabwezeretse chinthu choyambiriracho.

Msampha wa ascorbic acid: kufota kwa mtundu si kutuluka kwa cholimba

Pali chochitika chimodzi choyenera kufotokozedwa padera chifukwa chimachititsa anthu kunena molimba mtima zifukwa zolakwika kwambiri. Ascorbic acid imapereka maelekitironi ku methylene blue yabuluu n’kuisintha kukhala mtundu wa leuco womwe kwenikweni ulibe mtundu, ndipo oxygen ingabwezeretse kusinthako. Njira zoyezera zimagwiritsa ntchito kufota kumeneku kuti zipime kuchuluka kwa ascorbate pa milingo ya micromolar. Madzimadzi abuluu amene amafota pamene pali chinthu chopereka maelekitironi, popanda zinthu zokhazikika pansi, asintha kudzera mu redox. Kutcha zimenezi makristalo a methylene blue m’madzimadzi kumalozera kufufuzako ku zosefera ndi madzi osungunuliramo, pamene chida choyenera ndi spectrophotometer, pamodzi ndi kuunikanso mndandanda wa zosakaniza.

Zotsutsana nazo n’zoonanso. Tinthu teniteni pamene mtundu wabuluu ukadalipo ndi vuto la kukhala ndi cholimba chosiyana ndi madzimadzi, pokhapokha ngati kusanthula kwatsimikizira zina. Khalidwe la mtundu limachepetsa zifukwa zoti zifufuzidwe; silimaliza kufufuzako.

Zomwe maonekedwe sangathe kukuuzani

Malire awiri amathandiza kuti malangizowa akhale olondola. Choyamba, tinthu tooneka m’mankhwala sitingadziwike kuti ndi makristalo a utoto pongoyang’ana. Zinthu zochokera ku chotengera ndi tinthu tochokera kunja zimakhalabe pakati pa zifukwa zotheka. N’chifukwa chake chizindikiro chimalamula kuyang’ana ndi kukana kugwiritsa ntchito, osati kuzindikira mtundu wa tinthu pafupi ndi bedi la wodwala. Chachiwiri, malangizowa sapereka njira zosakanizira mankhwala obayidwa. Madzi ochepetsera kuchuluka, dongosolo lowonjezera zinthu, ndi mafunso a nthawi yoti chisakanizo chisiye kugwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kutsatira chizindikiro cha mankhwala, ndondomeko za pa famasi, ndi miyezo yoyenera yosakanizira mankhwala, osati nkhani yothetsera mavuto.

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito, yofotokozedwa kamodzi: kutha kusungunuka kumakhazikitsa malire, kuchuluka ndi kutentha zimakhazikitsa chiopsezo chopitirira malirewo, chloride ndi mphamvu ya ayoni zimakankhira kulumikizana kwa mamolekyulu ku kutuluka kwa chinthu chifukwa cha mchere, magulu a mamolekyulu awiri amapanga popanda kutuluka ngati zolimba, ndipo zinthu zopereka maelekitironi zingachotse mtundu wabuluu popanda kupanga cholimba chilichonse. Gwirizanitsani zomwe mwaona ndi nthawi yake m’tebulo, yang’anani kapangidwe ka chisakanizo ndi chizindikiro chake, ndipo kutuluka kwa methylene blue ngati cholimba nthawi zambiri kudzasiya kukhala kosamvetsetseka.