Kuviika nsomba m'madzi a methylene blue poyerekezera ndi kuchiza m'thanki

Wosamalira nsomba amawerenga malangizo awiri, onse olembedwa molimba mtima. Ena amati viikani nsomba kwa masekondi. Enawo amati ikani mankhwala m'thanki kwa masiku. Onse amatchula methylene blue, choncho amaoneka ngati milingo iwiri ya njira imodzi yochizira. Si choncho. Ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana zomwe zimangogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amodzi.

Ganizirani njira iliyonse yochizira ngati kuphatikiza kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'madzi ndi nthawi, komwe kumakhudza nsomba komanso malo amene ikukhala. Mukasintha chilichonse mwa zinthu zinayi zimenezi, tanthauzo lake limasintha. Kuviika pa 50 ppm kwa masekondi 10 ndi kusunga nsomba m'thanki pa 3 ppm kwa masiku 5 zimasiyana osati pa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kokha. Njira imodzi imakhudza nsomba kwa kanthawi kochepa ndipo imasiya fyuluta, zomera, ndi nyama zopanda msana osakhudzidwa. Inayo imakhudza dongosolo lonse kwa masiku. Zolakwa zambiri pa kuyika mlingo zimachokera ku kuganiza molakwika: kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'madzi kokha kumaoneka ngati ndiwo mlingo wonse, pamene nthawi, kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi dongosolo la zamoyo zimaiwalika. Nkhaniyi ikufotokozanso mmene tingaganizire zimenezi pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha mankhwala amodzi, kenako ikusonyeza pamene mtundu wa nsomba ndi gawo la kukula kwake zimafuna kusintha kwina. Kuti mumvetse zimene utotowu umachita ukasungunuka, onani mmene methylene blue imagwirira ntchito m'madzi a m'thanki ya nsomba.

Chizindikiro chimafotokoza njira ziwiri zochizira, osati imodzi

Gwirizanitsani nambala iliyonse ili pansipa ndi mankhwala enieni. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mu milligrams pa liter sikuthandiza mpaka mutadziwa mphamvu ya mankhwala oyambira, chifukwa masupuni aang'ono a madzi a mankhwala a 2.303 peresenti ndi masupuni aang'ono a mankhwala ofooka ogulitsidwa m'sitolo amakhala ndi utoto wosiyana kuchuluka. Kuyerekezera kuno kukutsatira malangizo ovomerezeka a Kordon a methylene blue, omwe amafotokoza kuti mankhwalawo ndi methylene blue chloride yopanda zinc, yosungunulidwa m'madzi pa 2.303 peresenti. Ngati botolo lanu likusonyeza mphamvu yosiyana, werengeraninso m'malo mongotenga milingo ya masupuni aang'ono iyi.

Mfundo zitatu m'tebulomo zimathandiza kupewa zolakwa zofala. Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'madzi oviikiramo ndi pafupifupi ka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri kuposa a m'thanki, ndipo kuviika kumatenga masekondi, osati mphindi. Kutalikitsa kuviika pa 50 ppm kufika mphindi 10 kapena 30 ndi kuchoka kwambiri pa malangizo a chizindikirochi, osati kungowatalikitsa mosamala. Chachiwiri, malangizo a masiku 3 mpaka 5 alibe kusintha madzi tsiku lililonse ndi kuikanso mlingo. Kordon imalangiza kusintha madzi ena kapena onse kamodzi pamapeto, komanso kuika kaboni watsopano. Chachitatu, malangizo a Kordon a panopa amapereka masupuni aang'ono ndi milliliters, osati madontho. Zolemba zina za ogulitsa zimati madontho 10 pa galoni amafanana ndi 3 ppm yomweyo, koma kukula kwa dontho kumasiyana malinga ndi chida chodonthozera, choncho yesani ndi sirinji kapena supuni yoyezera yokhala ndi miyezo yolondola.

Chizindikirocho chimatchulanso malo oyenera kuchiziramo. Kordon imanena kuti mankhwalawa sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina obwezeretsa madzi mozungulira omwe amadalira kusefera ndi tizilombo tamoyo, chifukwa amasokoneza mabakiteriya osintha ammonia kukhala nitrite ndi nitrate. Imanenanso kuti utotowu ukhoza kusokoneza kukula kwa zomera, kuti miyala, makorali, ndi matabwa zimauy吸ira, kuti matanki opanda zokongoletsa amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, ndiponso kuti chomata cha silicone chingadetsedwe kosatha. Mawu amenewa akusonyeza kuti chidebe chosiyana chochizira chiyenera kukhala malo oyamba kusankhidwa.

Kuviika kapena kuchiza m'thanki: ntchito yoyenera ya njira iliyonse

Kuviika nsomba m'madzi a mankhwala, kaya kwa nthawi yayitali pang'ono kapena yaifupi kwambiri, kumalekanitsa mankhwalawo ndi thanki yaikulu yosungiramo nsomba. Nsombayo imakumana ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kodziwika kwa nthawi yodziwika, kenako imabwerera m'madzi oyera. Mabakiteriya a fyuluta, zomera, zinthu za pansi pa thanki, ndi nyama zopanda msana sizikumana ndi utotowo. Malangizo ofalitsidwa okhudza ulimi wa m'madzi amapereka milingo ndi nthawi zina kuwonjezera pa kuviika kwa masekondi 10 kwa Kordon: malangizo a FAO olekanitsa ana a nsomba asanasakanizidwe ndi ena amagwiritsa ntchito 20 mpaka 40 ppm kwa mphindi 3 mpaka 5, ndi kuwabwezeretsa nthawi yomweyo m'madzi opanda mchere owonjezeredwa mpweya, mu malangizo ake olekanitsa nsomba kumalo oswetselako mazira. Kuwunika kwina kwa FAO pa ulimi wa m'madzi kumayerekezera kuviika kwa nthawi yaitali pa 1 mpaka 2 ppm ndi kuviika kwa nthawi yochepa pa 8 mpaka 10 ppm mu kafukufuku wake wa njira zochizira. Ntchito ya ku yunivesite yokhudza kutumiza nsomba inagwiritsa ntchito mlingo wocheperapo, 2 mg/L kwa pafupifupi maola 11.5 m'madzi owonjezeredwa mpweya, mu kafukufuku wa UF IFAS wokhudza kutumiza nsomba zokongoletsa. Izi ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zophatikiza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala m'madzi ndi nthawi, pa nyama ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana. N'chifukwa chake palibe malangizo amodzi oviikira omwe angagwire pa mitundu yonse.

Kuchiza m'thanki, komwe kuchuluka kochepa kwa mankhwala kumasungidwa kwa masiku m'madzi amene nsomba zikukhalamo, kumayenera mavuto ofuna kukhudzana ndi mankhwala mosalekeza: bowa pa mazira pa nthawi yoswa, kapena chithandizo cha masiku angapo chotchulidwa pa chizindikiro pa tizilombo ta protozoa takunja. Mlingo wa Kordon wa 3 ppm kwa masiku 3 mpaka 5 ndi chitsanzo chomveka kwambiri cha m'thanki ya nsomba. Choipa chake n'chakuti dongosolo lonse limakhudzidwa. Sipos ndi Urakawa anayesa methylene blue pa tizilombo tosintha ammonia, kuchokera pa magawo 10 pa biliyoni mpaka 10 ppm, ndipo anapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pa mmene tinkakhudzidwira. Tizilombo tina tinaimitsidwa kwambiri ngakhale pa milingo yotsika kwambiri, ndipo maselo a Nitrosomonas marina omwe anayesedwa anafa, monga momwe anafotokozera mu kafukufuku wawo wa kuletsa tizilombo tosintha ammonia. Mawu amene angathandizidwe ndi umboni ndi ocheperapo kusiyana ndi zimene zimafala pakati pa oweta nsomba: methylene blue ikhoza kuletsa kapena kupha tizilombo tosintha ammonia ndi nitrite, ndi kusokoneza ntchito imeneyo. Koma tizilombo tosiyanasiyana timakhudzidwa mosiyana, choncho palibe mlingo umodzi wa m'thanki umene umatsimikizira kuti dongosololi lidzalephera kapena kuti lidzakhala lotetezeka.

Lamulo losankha limachokera ku njira ziwirizi. Gwiritsani ntchito kuviika pamene cholinga ndi kukhudza nsomba imodzi kapena zochepa kwa kanthawi, pamene thanki yaikulu iyenera kusasokonezedwa: nsomba yatsopano yokhala ndi madontho okayikitsa, nsomba imodzi yokhala ndi chilonda pa malo amodzi, kapena thanki iliyonse yokhala ndi shrimp, nkhono, zomera zamtengo wapatali, kapena fyuluta ya tizilombo yokhazikika imene simungafune kusokoneza. Gwiritsani ntchito kusunga kwa masiku angapo m'chidebe chopanda zokongoletsa pamene chifukwa chochizira chikufuna kukhudzana mosalekeza, monga mazira pa nthawi imene angagwidwe ndi bowa. Kuika mankhwala m'thanki yaikulu yokhala ndi zokongoletsa, zomera, ndi fyuluta ya tizilombo ndi njira yomaliza, osati yoyamba. Ngakhale pamenepo, chidebecho chiyenera kukhala chopanda zinthu zambiri momwe zingathekere, kaboni achotsedwe, ndipo ammonia ndi nitrite ziyesedwe tsiku lililonse.

Mitundu, mazira, ndi ana a nsomba: chifukwa chake palibe mlingo wa zonse

Mawu a pa chizindikiro akuti mankhwalawa ndi otetezeka kwa mazira ndi ana a nsomba 'akagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira malangizo' sakutanthauza kuti mitundu yonse imapirira milingo yonse yofalitsidwa. Kafukufuku wa mazira a nsomba zokongoletsa anayesa 0.5 mpaka 3 mg/L pa mazira a black tetra, angelfish, ndi zebrafish. Anapeza kuti 3 mg/L inathandiza kuswa kwa angelfish ndi black tetra koma osati zebrafish, ndipo olemba kafukufukuyo anachenjeza kuti zotsatira za mtundu umodzi siziyenera kungogwiritsidwa ntchito pa mtundu wina. Izi zalembedwa mu mbiri ya FAO AGRIS ya kafukufuku wophera tizilombo pa mazira. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa zebrafish anapeza kuti milingo ya chisamaliro cha nthawi zonse ya pafupifupi 0.5 mpaka 1 mg/L inasintha kagwiritsidwe ka mpweya posintha zinthu m'thupi pa kukula koyambirira. Unalimbikitsa kuganiziranso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo nthawi zonse pamene zotsatira za kusintha zinthu m'thupi zili zofunika, monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu kafukufuku wa 2025 wa kukula kwa zebrafish. Nthawi nayonso ndi yofunika payokha, mosadalira mtundu wa nsomba: goldfish zosungidwa pa 2 mg/L mosalekeza kwa masiku 21 zinasonyeza kuchepa kwa miyeso ina ya magazi ndi chitetezo cha m'thupi, komanso kusintha kwa kukula. Kukumana ndi mankhwala kwa nthawi yaitali kumeneku sikulangizidwa pa chizindikiro chilichonse, ndipo kunafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wa goldfish yokhala m'mankhwala kwa nthawi yaitali.

Zikhulupiriro ziwiri zofala pakati pa oweta nsomba zikufunanso kuunikidwa mofananamo. Chenjezo la methylene blue pa nsomba zopanda mamba likuoneka kuti linatengedwa kuchokera ku malachite green, yomwe ilidi ndi zolemba zasayansi zosonyeza kuti nsomba zopanda mamba zimakhudzidwa nayo kwambiri. Kuwunika kwaposachedwapa kumafotokoza methylene blue payokha ngati utoto wa poizoni wocheperapo mu kuwunika kwa 2025 kwa njira zochizira tizilombo takunja. Zimenezi sizitanthauza kuti methylene blue siingavulaze nsomba iliyonse yosamva bwino mankhwala. Zikutanthauza kuti mindandanda ya tetra, gourami, ndi nsomba zopanda mamba yopanda magwero iyenera kuwerengedwa ngati machenjezo oti munthu asamale, osati magulu otsimikizidwa. Pa nyama zopanda msana, umboni wolimba wa milingo yotetezeka kwa shrimp ndi nkhono zokongoletsa ndi wochepa, ndipo machenjezo a opanga amasiyana: mtundu umodzi wogulitsidwa m'masitolo umachenjeza kuti mankhwala ake angaphe shrimp ngati mlingo wapitirira. Izi sizofanana ndi kunena kuti kukumana kulikonse ndi mlingo wochizira kumapha. Matebulo akale a FAO amasonyeza kuti shrimp ya m'nyanja ya gulu la penaeid inapirira 75 ppm kwa ola limodzi, koma inafa pa 100 ppm. Umboniwo sungangogwiritsidwa ntchito pa Neocaridina, Caridina, kapena nkhono za m'thanki, monga zili mu matebulo a FAO a poizoni kwa shrimp. Mpaka pakhale umboni wokhudza mtundu uliwonse, sungani nyama zopanda msana kunja kwa madzi okhala ndi mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito chidebe chosiyana.

Chowerengera cha mlingo wa m'thanki ya nsomba: gawo loyambira

Gawoli ndi chiyambi cha chowerengera, loperekedwa ngati njira yowerengera yokhala ndi zitsanzo zimene mungatsimikizire pamanja. Limawerengera kuchuluka kwa madzi a mankhwala oyambira pa mphamvu imodzi yokha ya mankhwala. Silimalangiza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala koyenera m'madzi. Sankhani kuchuluka kumeneku kuchokera pa chizindikiro cha botolo limene muli nalo, molingana ndi mtundu wa nsomba ndi cholinga chanu, kapena kuchokera ku malangizo a dokotala wa nyama.

Njira yowerengera ya mankhwala oyambira a 2.303 peresenti ngati a Kordon, omwe ali ndi pafupifupi 23.03 mg ya utoto pa mL:

stock mL = target mg/L x water liters / 23.03

Sinthani magaloni kukhala malita poyamba. Galoni imodzi ya US ndi malita 3.785. Yesani madzi amene alipo kwenikweni, mutachotsa kuchuluka kwa malo otengedwa ndi zinthu za pansi, zokongoletsa, ndi mpata wa mpweya, osati kukula kolembedwa kwa thanki. Yesani mankhwala oyambira ndi sirinji kapena supuni yoyezera yolondola, osati chida chodonthozera chosakhala ndi miyezo yolondola.

Chitsanzo chowerengedwa choyamba, kusunga nsomba m'thanki pa mlingo wa chizindikiro. Chidebe chochizira chopanda zokongoletsa cha magaloni 10 chimakhala ndi madzi pafupifupi magaloni 9, kapena malita 34, zinthu zomwe zili mmenemo zitatenga malo ena. Cholinga ndi 3 mg/L. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oyambira ndi 3 x 34 / 23.03, pafupifupi 4.4 mL, kucheperapo pang'ono kuposa supuni yaing'ono imodzi ya US ya 4.93 mL. Choncho mlingo wa pa chizindikiro wa supuni yaing'ono imodzi pa magaloni 10 umaganizira kuti muli madzi okwanira kuchuluka konse kolembedwa. Chepetsani mlingowo chifukwa cha malo otengedwa ndi zinthu zina.

Chitsanzo chowerengedwa chachiwiri, kuviika pa mlingo wa chizindikiro. Magaloni atatu a madzi oviikiramo ndi pafupifupi malita 11.4. Cholinga ndi 50 mg/L. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala oyambira ndi 50 x 11.4 / 23.03, pafupifupi 24.7 mL, komwe ndi mlingo wa pa chizindikiro wa masupuni aang'ono 5. Konzani izi m'chidebe chosakhala chachitsulo, fananitsani kutentha ndi pH ndi za thanki imene nsombayo imakhala, onjezerani mpweya ngati kuviikako sikwa kanthawi kochepa kwambiri, yang'anirani nsombayo mosalekeza, ndipo malizani kuviika pakangowoneka chizindikiro choyamba cha kuvutika, monga kugubuduzika kapena kupuma movutikira. Lamulo loyang'anira limeneli likutsatira malangizo ambiri a kuviika mu mutu wa buku la zachipatala cha nyama wokhudza kasamalidwe ka nsomba za m'thanki, womwe umafuna kufananitsa pH ndi kutentha, kuchotsa nsomba nthawi yomweyo zikamavutika, ndi kusamala kwambiri pa mitundu imene kuviika sikunatsimikizidwe kuti n'koyenera.

Machenjezo atatu a chowerengera ayenera kukhala limodzi ndi masamuwa. Choyamba, 1 ppm ndi pafupifupi 1 mg/L m'madzi omwe mankhwala ake ndi ochepa, choncho ppm ya pa chizindikiro ndi mg/L ya m'mabuku asayansi zingalowe m'malo mwa zinzake pano. Chachiwiri, musasinthe kuviika pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi m'malo mwa masamu: kuwirikiza mphindi pa 50 ppm sikufanana ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kukhala theka. Chachitatu, lembani zimene mwaika kwenikweni: dzina ndi mphamvu ya mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa madzi koyezedwa, milliliters za mankhwala oyambira, ndi nthawi yoyambira ndi yomalizira. Popanda zolembazo, kusintha madzi kotsatira kapena kusankha kubwereza kungokhala kungoyerekezera.

Kuchita njira iliyonse yochizira bwino

Pa kuviika, kaya kwa nthawi yayitali pang'ono kapena yaifupi kwambiri, konzekerani nsomba isanachoke m'thanki yake. Konzani chidebe, fananitsani kutentha ndi pH, onjezerani mpweya ngati nthawi ipitirira masekondi ochepa, ndipo ikani chowerengera nthawi pamalo ooneka. Valani magolovesi ndi zotetezera maso, chifukwa utotowu umadetsa khungu, zovala, ndi matebulo ogwirirapo ntchito. Zidule zodziwika za zoopsa zimautchula ngati wovulaza ukamezedwa, ndipo ukhoza kukwiyitsa maso ndi khungu, monga zasonkhanitsidwira mu mbiri ya PubChem ya zoopsa za methylene blue. Gwiritsani ntchito ukonde wofewa, samutsani mwachangu, yang'anirani mosadukiza, ndipo bwezeretsani nsomba m'madzi ake pa sekondi yotchulidwa pa chizindikiro kapena pakangowoneka chizindikiro choyamba cha vuto, chilichonse chimene chachitika poyamba. Musagwiritsenso ntchito madzi oviikirawo pa magulu ena a nsomba.

Pa kusunga kwa masiku angapo, gwiritsani ntchito chidebe chopanda zokongoletsa chokhala ndi chotenthetsera, chowonjezera mpweya mofatsa, ndi fyuluta yochotsa zinyalala, koma chopanda kaboni ndi zokongoletsa zokhala ndi timabowo. Ikani mlingo kamodzi motsatira chizindikiro, yesani ammonia ndi nitrite tsiku lililonse, perekani chakudya chochepa, ndipo sinthani madzi potengera zotsatira za mayeso osati mtundu wa madzi. Pamapeto pa chithandizo, chitani kuyeretsa kotchulidwa pa chizindikiro: sinthani madzi ena kapena onse ndi madzi okonzedwa kuti akhale oyenera komanso ofananitsidwa kutentha, kenako ikani kaboni watsopano wotsukidwa kwa pafupifupi maola 24 mpaka 48. Ndondomeko yonse yoyeretsa, kuphatikizapo silicone yodetsedwa ndi kuunika fyuluta ya tizilombo, yafotokozedwa mu kuchotsa mankhwala pambuyo pa chithandizo ndi kubwezeretsa ntchito ya fyuluta.

Samalani ndi mankhwala amphamvu komanso kuwataya mofanana ndi momwe mumasamalira chithandizo. Kordon imanena kuti mankhwala ake a m'thanki ya nsomba si oti anthu amwe ndipo si mankhwala a nsomba zodyedwa malinga ndi malamulo a US. Sungani botolo lotsekedwa komanso kutali ndi ana ndi ziweto, pewani kuwawaza, ndipo musathire mankhwala oyambira amphamvu m'mipope yotayira madzi kapena m'mayiwe.

Sankhani mwa kufunsa kuti ndi dongosolo liti limene lidzakhudzidwa komanso kwa nthawi yaitali bwanji. Kukhudza nsomba zokha kwa kanthawi kumaloza ku kuviika. Chifukwa chochizira cha masiku angapo chotchulidwa pa chizindikiro chimatenga ku chidebe chochizira chopanda zokongoletsa. Thanki yaikulu, limodzi ndi mabakiteriya ake, zomera, ndi nyama zopanda msana, ndi malo amene utotowo uyenera kulowa pokhapokha ngati palibe njira yolekanitsira chithandizo. Kusiyana kumodzi kumeneku, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kuphatikiza nthawi ndi dongosolo lokhudzidwa, kumalowa m'malo mwa mulu wonse wa malangizo omwe amaoneka ngati angosinthanitsidwa.