Buluu wa methylene popaka nsalu ndi mapepala utoto: Basic Blue 9 m'fakitale yopaka utoto

Buluu wa methylene anagwiritsidwa ntchito monga utoto wogulitsidwa kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu asanaperekedwe kwa wodwala aliyense. Heinrich Caro anamupanga ku BASF mu 1876 monga utoto wa nsalu, ndipo mbiri ya BASF komanso American Chemical Society zimamufotokoza monga utoto wopangidwira thonje. Ntchito ya Koch yopaka zitsanzo utoto pa kafukufuku wa zamankhwala inafika cha m'ma 1880, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza malungo mu 1891 kunabwera pambuyo pake. Ntchito zina zonse za chinthuchi, monga kupaka zitsanzo utoto, kusonyeza kusintha kwa mankhwala, kapena kukhala mankhwala, zinayambira pa dzina lake m'ndandanda wa utoto.

Dzina la m'ndandandawo likadali njira yoyenera yomvetsetsera chinthuchi m'mafakitale. M'chinenero cha malo opaka utoto sichimatchedwa methylthioninium chloride. Chimatchedwa Basic Blue 9.

Chinthu chimodzi, njira ziwiri zoperekera manambala

Colour Index imapatsa utoto uliwonse wogulitsidwa zizindikiro ziwiri. Dzina la Gulu limafotokoza mmene utotowo umagwiritsidwira ntchito; Nambala ya Kapangidwe imafotokoza kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala. Buluu wa methylene ali ndi Dzina la Gulu lakuti C.I. Basic Blue 9 ndi Nambala ya Kapangidwe yakuti C.I. 52015. Izi zimamuika m'gulu la thiazine lomwe lili ndi manambala kuyambira 52000 mpaka 52999, monga nkhani yaposachedwapa ya Colour Index ikutsimikizira pogwiritsa ntchito buluu wa methylene monga chitsanzo chofotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane.

Kapangidwe ka mankhwala komwe manambalawa akuimira ndi ayoni ya phenothiazine yokhala ndi chaji yabwino, yolumikizana ndi chloride: mtundu wopanda madzi uli ndi fomula C16H18ClN3S, kulemera kwa pafupifupi 319.9 g/mol ndi CAS 61-73-4. Mtundu wa trihydrate womwe umagulitsidwa kwambiri uli ndi kulemera kwa pafupifupi 373.9 g/mol ndi CAS 7220-79-3. Mchere wogulitsidwawu umapanga timibulu tobiriwira kwambiri tokhala ndi kunyezimira ngati mkuwa wa bronze. Timibuluto tikasungunuka timapanga madzi abuluu kwambiri, ndipo madzi okhala ndi trihydrate wa 1 peresenti amakhala ndi pH ya 3 mpaka 4.5 malinga ndi PubChem ndi ndemanga yaposachedwapa yokhudza makhalidwe a molekyulu. Aliyense wogula m'migolo ayenera kuyang'ana nambala ya CAS yomwe ili pa chizindikiro, chifukwa kilogalamu ya trihydrate imakhala ndi gawo lopereka mtundu, lotchedwa chromophore, lochepera ndi pafupifupi 15 peresenti poyerekeza ndi kilogalamu ya mchere wopanda madzi. Ndi bwino kudziwa ndendende chimene chikuyezedwa musanawerengetse kuchuluka kofunika popaka utoto.

Mfundo ya kumangirira: ayoni ya chaji yabwino yofunafuna ayoni za chaji yoipa

Utoto wa mtundu wa basic ndi utoto wokhala ndi ayoni za chaji yabwino. Ukasungunuka, mbali yake yopereka mtundu imakhala ndi chaji yabwino, motero umamangirira mosavuta kwambiri ku ulusi wokhala ndi malo a chaji yoipa. Mfundo imodziyi imathandiza kulosera pafupifupi njira zonse zogwiritsira ntchito utotowu.

Ulusi wa acrylic ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino. Nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi magulu a carboxylate kapena sulfonate, ndipo kukopana kwa ayoni pakati pa malo amenewa ndi ayoni ya utoto kumachititsa kuti utotowo umangirire mwamphamvu. Izi zafotokozedwa m'maphunziro okhudza kupaka acrylic utoto wa ayoni za chaji yabwino mwa njira zachizolowezi ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala ka ulusi wa acrylic. Ubweya ndi silika nazonso zimalandira utoto wa mtundu wa basic mwachindunji pa malo okhala ndi chaji yoipa ndipo zimapereka mitundu yowala. Komabe, mabuku a nsalu amachenjeza kuti utoto wakale wa mtundu wa basic pa ulusi umenewu nthawi zambiri sukanika bwino kuzimiririka chifukwa cha kuwala, monga zafotokozedwera mwachidule m'buku lotseguka kwa onse la kupaka nsalu utoto.

Thonje ndi losiyana kwambiri pankhaniyi. Cellulose yosakonzedwa imamangirira pang'ono kwambiri ku utoto wachikhalidwe wa mtundu wa basic, ndipo n'chifukwa chake “utoto wa thonje” wa Caro unafuna thandizo. Kale, thonje linkakonzedwa ndi tannic acid ngati mankhwala omangirira utoto, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankakhazikitsa mankhwalawo ndi tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate). Izi zinkapanga chinthu chosasungunuka m'madzi chokhala ndi tannin ndi utoto pa ulusiwo. Buku lakale lofotokoza kupaka thonje utoto limalongosola ntchito zitatuzi, kuika tannin, kukhazikitsa tanninyo, kenako kupaka utoto, mu Kupaka Nsalu za Thonje Utoto. Nayiloni wamba nayenso amafunika kufotokozedwa mosamala: kwenikweni ndi ulusi woyenera utoto wa mtundu wa acid. Ndi nayiloni yekha amene wasinthidwa mwadala kuti akhale ndi magulu a sulfonate, wogulitsidwa monga nayiloni wopakeka ndi utoto wa ayoni za chaji yabwino komanso wofotokozedwa m'mabuku monga US6312805B1, amene amamangirira mwamphamvu ku utoto wa mtundu wa basic.

Choncho chidule cha ulusichi ndi chosavuta. Thonje limafuna tannin monga mankhwala omangirira utoto, malinga ndi njira zakale; ubweya ndi silika zimalandira utotowo mwachindunji koma umatha kuzimiririka; acrylic ndi ulusi wamakono woyenerana mwachibadwa ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala ka utotowu; nayiloni wamba nthawi zambiri siwoyenera.

Wowala, koma wozimiririka

Vuto silinali kuika mtundu pa nsalu. Linali kusunga mtunduwo pamenepo. Kafukufuku wa mu 2019 amene anapaka thonje, silika ndi ubweya mwachindunji ndi buluu wa methylene trihydrate anapeza mulingo wa kukana kuzimiririka chifukwa cha kuwala wa 1, womwe ndi wotsika kwambiri, pa ulusi wonsewo motsatira ISO 105-B02. Mtunduwo unasungika bwino kokha pambuyo pokonza nsaluzo ndi smectite, monga zinanenedwera mu RSC Advances. Mabuku akale amanenanso zomwezo m'mawu a nthawi imeneyo: mitundu yambiri ya utoto wa mtundu wa basic imazimiririka ikakhala pa kuwala, monga nkhani ya kupaka utoto ya Encyclopaedia Britannica ya mu 1911 ikunenera.

Kapangidwe ka mankhwala ka madzi opakira utoto kamabweretsa chenjezo lina. Utoto wa mtundu wa basic nthawi zambiri umapakidwa m'madzi opanda asidi kapena alkali wochuluka, kapena okhala ndi asidi pang'ono. Alkali wamphamvu ndi woipa makamaka kwa buluu wa methylene: m'madzi okhala ndi alkali wa 0.1 M, utotowo umachita hydrolysis ndipo makamaka umasanduka methylene violet wa Bernthsen, chinthu cha mtundu wamphamvu chomwe chimakonda kusungunuka m'mafuta, m'malo mokhalabe wosasinthika. Izi ndi malinga ndi kafukufuku wokhudza mmene alkali amakhudzira buluu wa methylene. Choncho alkali wotsala m'nsalu pambuyo poitsuka, kapena kukonza nsalu ndi alkali pambuyo popaka utoto, kungasinthe mtunduwo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mankhwala kosakhudzana ndi kumangirira kwa utoto. Kusinthana kwa oxidation ndi reduction komwe kumapangitsa mtundu kusintha ndi nkhani ina, koma lamulo lothandiza ndi losavuta: musalole madzi opakira utoto kukhala ndi alkali wamphamvu.

Mapepala, inki, ndi makope a pepala la kaboni

Kupaka mapepala utoto kwalembedwa monga ntchito yomwe ikuchitika pa malonda masiku ano. Wogulitsa Basic Blue 9 amatchula mapepala pamodzi ndi kupaka silika, hemp, matabwa ndi nsungwi utoto, komanso kupanga inki ndi mitundu yosungidwa pa zinthu zosasungunuka, m'pepala lake lofotokoza ntchito za chinthucho. Pali zolemba zambiri zotsimikizira ntchito yake mu inki: India nthawi ina inali ndi muyezo wapadera, IS 2230:1962, wa utoto wa buluu wa methylene wa makampani a inki. Muyezowo wachotsedwa tsopano, koma unalembedwa mu lipoti la pachaka la BIS la 1962 mpaka 1963 ndipo uli m'ndandanda monga wochotsedwa.

Pepala la kaboni nalonso lili m'mabuku. Chikalata cha US cha mu 1933 choteteza ufulu wa kapangidwe ka zokutira pepala la kaboni chimafotokoza inki za mafuta ndi sera zokhala ndi utoto wa aniline, kuphatikizapo buluu wa methylene, mu US1925235A. Ndipo kafukufuku wa sayansi yosunga zinthu za mbiri wa mu 2024 wokhudza mapensulo akale abuluu okopera unapeza buluu wa methylene pakati pa zinthu zopereka mtundu zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Unalembanso makhalidwe omwe malo opaka utoto akanalosera: kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwala komanso chizolowezi cha utoto kufalikira ukanyowa. Kafukufukuyu unasindikizidwa mu npj Heritage Science. Pensulo imene inkakopera ndi mtundu wowala koma n'kuzimiririka padzuwa inali ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala kofanana ndi thonje limene linkapaka bwino utoto koma n'kuzimiririka likakhala pawindo.

Milingo itatu, magulu atatu a zofunikira

Kuyerekezera kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri, chifukwa dzina limodzi limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zopangidwa motsatira zofunikira zosagwirizana. Mulingo wa nsalu, utoto wa zitsanzo za zinthu zamoyo, ndi mulingo wa mankhwala sizili masitepe pa makwerero amodzi a chiyero. Ndi mayankho a mafunso osiyanasiyana.

Zinthu ziwiri zosokoneza m'tebuloli ziyenera kutsindika. Choyamba, utoto wa nsalu wa “100 peresenti” si chromophore yoyera ya 100 peresenti; ISO 105-Z10 imatanthauza mphamvu monga yoyerekezedwa ndi utoto wa muyezo. Chachiwiri, utoto wa zitsanzo wotsimikiziridwa wokhala ndi utoto wa 82 peresenti si mankhwala amene alephera mayeso; wapambana mayeso ena. Mbali ya mankhwala ikusonyezedwa ndi lipoti lopanga njira yopangira zinthu limene linasunga kuchuluka konse kwa zitsulo pansi pa 20 ppm, Azure B pansi pa 2 peresenti ndi zinthu zina zosafunika pansi pa 0.5 peresenti. Manambalawa amafotokoza njira imeneyo mu kafukufuku wofalitsidwa wa Proveblue, osati zofunikira za utoto wonse wa nsalu. Ndipo chifukwa chimene Azure B ili ndi muyezo wake wapadera woyerekezera n'chakuti ndi chinthu chosafunika chachikulu chimene chimachokera pochotsa magulu a methyl, komanso ndi chinthu chochokera pakusinthidwa kwa mankhwala m'thupi chimene pachokha chimakhala ndi zochita za mankhwala. Nkhaniyi imafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wa Azure B.

Malo opaka utoto, mayeso othandiza a zinthu zomwe zalandilidwa amachokera pa gawo la kumanzere: kuyerekezera mtundu ndi muyezo, mphamvu yake yoyerekezedwa, kusungunuka ndi zinthu zosasungunuka, chinyezi, komanso kufanana pakati pa magulu opangidwa. Palibe m'ndandandawu chimene chimatsimikizira kuti zomwe zili m'ngolomo n'zoyenera labotale, osanenapo kuti n'zoyenera kumeza.

Mmene mungawerengere pepala la deta la Basic Blue 9

Pepala la deta la ntchito zamafakitale nthawi zambiri limalemba manambala anayi, ndipo lililonse limayankha funso losiyana. Mphamvu, yofotokozedwa monga peresenti poyerekeza ndi gulu la muyezo la wogulitsa, imauza wopaka utoto kuchuluka kwa utoto koyenera kuyeza kuti apeze kuya kwa mtundu komwe akufuna; gulu lokhala ndi mphamvu ya 105 peresenti limafuna kulemera kochepera ndi pafupifupi 5 peresenti poyerekeza ndi muyezo. Kuchuluka kwa utoto, kukatchulidwa, ndi gawo la mankhwala lomwe lili ndi chromophore yeniyeni, ndipo nthawi zonse kumakhala kochepera kuposa momwe nambala ya mphamvu ingaonekere, chifukwa ufa wogulitsidwa umakhala ndi chinyezi ndi zinthu zoonjezera zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa utoto. Zinthu zosasungunuka m'madzi, zokhala ndi malire monga 1.5 peresenti, zimathandiza kulosera madontho ndi kutsekeka kwa zosefera m'malo molosera mtundu. Chinyezi chimamaliza kufotokoza zonsezi, ndipo chimagwirizana ndi nkhani ya hydrate: trihydrate imakhala ndi molekyulu zitatu za madzi m'kapangidwe ka timibulu. Choncho kilogalamu yake imakhala ndi pafupifupi magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa asanu ndi awiri a chromophore yomwe ili mu kilogalamu ya mchere wopanda madzi. Njira yolembedwa kuti igwiritse ntchito hydrate imodzi, koma n'kuyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito inayo, idzalephera kufika pa kuya kwa mtundu komwe kukufunika ndi gawo limenelo nsaluzo zisanalowe n'komwe m'madzi opakira utoto.

Zokhudza madzi otayidwa

Buluu wa methylene ali ndi mtundu wamphamvu ndipo ndi wosavuta kutsatira poyeza kuyamwa kwake kwa kuwala. Kafukufuku wa kumamatira kwa zinthu pamalo nthawi zambiri amatsatira kuyamwa kwake kwa kuwala kooneka pa pafupifupi 663 mpaka 665 nm, monga mu kafukufuku wa kumamatira pa zinthu zamoyo ndi kafukufuku wa kumamatira pa hydrogel. Kusavuta kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito monga chitsanzo cha utoto wa ayoni za chaji yabwino pa kafukufuku wa madzi oipa. Ndemanga yaikulu mu Journal of Hazardous Materials imafufuza kuchotsedwa kwake pomamatira pa zinthu zotsika mtengo, ndipo imakhudza madzi otayidwa a m'mafakitale a nsalu, mapepala ndi kusindikiza.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chitsanzo kuli ndi mbali ziwiri. Kuchuluka kwa mapepala a kafukufuku wa kumamatira sikutsimikizira kuti buluu wa methylene mwiniwake ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zoipitsa chilengedwe m'mafakitale amakono a nsalu; kumatsimikizira kuti chinthuchi ndi chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito poimira utoto wa ayoni za chaji yabwino mwachisawawa. Mukamawerenga zomwe zikunenedwa zokhudza madzi otayidwa, muzikumbukira kusiyana kumeneku.

Dzinalo ndi chenjezo

Basic Blue 9, C.I. 52015, methylthioninium chloride: mayina atatu a chromophore imodzi, yogulitsidwa motsatira magulu osachepera atatu a zofunikira. Chinthu cha nsalu chimene Caro anapangira thonje sichinafunikire kukhala choyenera kumeza, ndipo palibe satifiketi yolembedwa kuti itsimikizire mtundu ndi mphamvu imene ingachipangitse kukhala choyenera kumeza. Dzina lomwelo la pa ngolo likapezeka pa shelufu ya labotale, zofunikira zomwe chinthucho chinapangidwira, osati mtundu wake, ndi zimene zimakuuzani chimene muli nacho.