Tuhinga
Te whakataurite tika i ngā rauemi whakangongo methylene blue: te kaha, ngā kinetics, me ngā āhuatanga whakamātau
E 58 mg/g te pūrongo a tētahi rangahau. E 725 mg/g tā tētahi atu. He māmā te kī he tekau mā rua whakarea te pai ake o te rauemi whakangongo tuarua, kātahi ka mutu te pānui. I te nuinga o te wā kāore he tikanga o taua whakarārangi, nā te mea i puta aua tau e rua i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē, ā, tērā pea ehara rawa i te momo tau kotahi.
E toru ngā rahinga ka pūrongotia i ngā pepa rangahau whakangongo, ā, he rite te āhua: te ōrau tangohanga, te tangohanga ine, me te kaha kua whakatauritea ki tētahi tauira. Tāpirihia atu te whānuitanga o ngā rauemi kua whakaarotia hei here i te waikano me ngā āhuatanga e urupare ai te waikano ki tōna taiao, ā, ka noho te whakataurite hei raruraru whakaōrite i mua i te noho hei raruraru whakarārangi.
He take hanganga tēnei whakatūpato, ehara i te kōrero takitahi noa. I kitea e tētahi tātaritanga ako-mīhini o ngā whakamātau 914 mai i ngā pepa 75 mō ngā uku, ngā pungarehu, me ngā rauemi kua whakahohea ki te kawakore, ko ngā tautuhinga whakamātau te tino whakatau i te tangohanga kua pūrongotia, ā, ko te kukū waikano tuatahi te kaitohu kaha rawa. E whakaatu ana tētahi arotake 2024 mō ngā rauemi whakangongo i ahu mai i te rau i te whānui o te rerekētanga o ngā kawa, ahakoa i roto i te whānau rauemi kotahi. Kāore tētahi o ēnei puna e tautoko ana i tētahi whakarārangi toa i hangaia mai i ngā uara mg/g matua anake.
Ehara te ōrau tangohanga i te kaha
Ko te nuinga o ngā whakarārangi hē ka whakapoauau i ngā ariā e toru. Ko te ōrau tangohanga e whakautu ana he aha te wāhanga o te waikano i wehe atu i tētahi otinga motuhake. Ko te tangohanga ine e whakautu ana i te nui o te waikano e noho ana ki ia karamu o te rauemi whakangongo i te taurite. Ko te kaha kua whakatauritea ki tētahi tauira e whakautu ana i te uara kukū-mōrahi e matapaetia ana e tētahi tauira isotherm kua kōwhiria i te kukū tiketike.
Ka herea ngā mea tuatahi e rua e te taurite papatipu:
qe = (C0 minus Ce) times V divided by m
kei reira ko qe te tangohanga i te taurite i roto i te mg/g, ko C0 me Ce ngā kukū tīmatanga me ngā kukū taurite, ko V te rōrahi, ā, ko m te papatipu rauemi whakangongo.
E whakaatu ana tētahi takirua tau i te mahanga. Mēnā ka tangohia te 100 percent o te waikano mai i te 0.1 L o te 10 mg/L mā te 1 g rauemi whakangongo, ka puta ko te 1 mg/g anake. Mēnā ka tangohia te 80 percent mai i te 0.1 L o te 1000 mg/L mā te 0.1 g, ka puta ko te 800 mg/g. He tino pai te āhua o te hua tuatahi hei ōrau, engari he tata kore te whaihua hei kaha. Ko tētahi whakarārangi e whakakotahi ana i ēnei tīwae e rua, e whakarārangi ana i te whakamātau, ehara i te rauemi.
Ka tāpiri anō te qmax kua whakatauritea i tētahi atu paparanga. Ka tāia e tētahi isotherm whakangongo methylene blue te qe ki te Ce puta noa i ngā kukū tīmatanga maha. Ka toro te whakataurite Langmuir i taua ānau ki tētahi papa mutunga e kīia ana ko qmax; ka whakaahua te whakataurite Freundlich i tētahi ture-pūngao kāore he papa mutunga. He tawhā tauira te qmax kua pūrongotia, ehara i te rahinga kua paunatia. Ki te kore rawa ngā ira e whakatata ki tētahi papa, ka nui te neke o qmax nā ngā panoni iti ki ngā ira whakamutunga.
E ono ngā āhuatanga e neke ai ia tau
Horopeta. Ka nui ake te paura, ka nui ake ngā wāhi here, nō reira ka piki te ōrau tangohanga i te nuinga o te wā, engari ka heke te tangohanga mg/g, nā te mea ka wehea te waikano kua mau ki runga i tētahi papatipu nui ake. He rima tekau whakarea te rerekētanga o te tōtika rauemi i waenga i ngā kerēme 99 percent tangohanga i te 10 g/L me te 0.2 g/L. Tuhia te horopeta ki te g/L, ā, whakatauritea te tangohanga i te horopeta ōrite.
Kukū tīmatanga. Mā te C0 teitei ake ka nui ake te kaha akiaki, nō reira ka piki te qe, ā, ka heke te ōrau tangohanga i te kī haere o ngā wāhi here. Ko tētahi qmax kua whakatauritea i te awhe 100 ki te 400 mg/L e whakaahua ana i tētahi wāhanga ānau rerekē i tētahi kua whakatauritea i te 5 ki te 50 mg/L. Me whai awhe inaki i mua i te whakarārangi.
pH. He katote-pai te methylene blue, nō reira mā te utu mata e whakahaere te kukume. I raro iho i tōna ira utu-kore ka pana te mata i te waikano; i runga ake ka kukume te mata i te waikano. Ka waiho he āputa e ngā rangahau e pūrongo ana i te pH tīmatanga anake, nā te mea ka panoni te uara taurite i te whakangongo. Tuhia ngā mea e rua, me ngā tote papamuri hoki, nā te mea ka ārai te kaha katote i aua kaha anō e whakatikahia ana e te pH. Ko te tikanga e pupuri pono ana i te ine e hāngai ana ki te absorbance mō te whakarewa me te pH, ka hāngai anō ki konei: ka haere tahi te tau me ōna āhuatanga.
Wā. Ko tētahi uara i tangohia i muri i te 5 minutes he qt, ehara i te qe. He painga motuhake te tere me te nui o te kaha: e pūrongo ana ngā raupapa tuhinga mō ngā paura rau i te taurite tata ki te 60 minutes i raro i tētahi kawa, ā, tata ki te 160 i raro i tētahi atu. Whakatauritea ngā uara taurite i muri anake i te papatahi o te ānau kinetics, ā, pūrongotia te tangohanga wā-tōmua hei hua kinetics motuhake.
Pāmahana. Ka urupare te taurite me te roha matū ki te pāmahana i runga anō i te pūnaha. I tētahi raupapa nikau rā, i piki te Langmuir qmax mai i te 43 mg/g pea i te 30 C ki te 58 mg/g pea i te 60 C, he nekehanga 35 percent nā te pāmahana anake. Kaua rawa e whakarārangi i ngā kaha i inea i ngā pāmahana tino tawhiti te wehe me te kore e tohu i taua rerekētanga.
Pūtake pūrongo. Ka taea anake te whakataurite milligrams per gram mēnā he ōrite te tikanga o te gram. Ka rerekē te papatipu maroke me te papatipu mākū i runga i te hautanga haumākū, ā, ka rerekē ngā pire hiato i te wāhanga hohe parakore. Tauwhāitihia te tauraro me ngā whakatikatika haumākū. Mō ngā tātari, tāpirihia te kaha times te kiato rōrahi; mō te tōtika mata, tāpirihia te kaha divided by te horahanga BET, me te tohu hoki kāore ngā horahanga katoa kua inea e āhei ana ki tētahi rāpoi ngota rite te rahi ki te methylene blue. Me uru hoki te tuakiri o te reagent ki te pūrongo i tēnei wāhanga, nō reira ka noho ngā arowhai i te parakore me te whakaritenga o te reagent ki te taha o te papatipu rauemi whakangongo.
He aha rawa tā ngā whakataurite isotherm me ngā kinetics e kī ai
Ko tētahi hapa noa ko te whakaarohia he taunakitanga o te pūhanga te pai o te whakataurite. Ka whakamātau te whakataurite methylene blue Langmuir Freundlich ko tēhea whārite e pai ake ana te whakaahua i te āhua o te ānau i roto i te awhe i whakamātauria. Kāore tēnei e whakapūmau i te uhi paparanga-kotahi, te ōritetanga, te hanga paparanga-maha rānei. Ka taea tonu e ngā rauemi kōputaputa rerekē te whakaputa ānau āhua Langmuir i roto i tētahi awhe whāiti, ā, ko te pai ake o tētahi whakataurite Freundlich e tohu noa ana kei te piki tonu ngā raraunga i runga i te āhua e piki ai taua whārite. Whakapūmautia te pūhanga mā ngā taunakitanga motuhake pērā i te spectroscopy, calorimetry, te whakawhirinaki rānei ki te kaha katote.
He mea nui ngā tikanga mō te kounga o te whakataurite. Me whakamahi kē te nonlinear regression, nā te mea ka whakaparori ngā panoni linearized i ngā hapa, ā, ka taea te whakawhiri pūnahanaha ki tētahi tauira. Tirohia ngā toenga, kaua e whakawhirinaki ki te R squared anake. Pātaihia mēnā kei roto te qmax i te awhe kua inea, kei tua rānei: ko tētahi papa kei runga rawa atu i te qe nui rawa kua inea he matapae, ā, me pūrongo tōna rangirua, kaua ko tōna uara anake.
Ko taua tūpato anō te tikanga mō ngā kinetics whakangongo methylene blue. I roto i ngā tuhinga mō ngā rauemi whakangongo rau, ko te whārite pseudo second order te mea tino auau te pūrongo hei whakataurite pai rawa, engari kāore tēnā e whakamātau ana i te chemisorption, pēnei anō kāore tētahi whakataurite pseudo first order e whakamātau ana i te physisorption. Ka taea e te diffusion te whai āhua rite ki tētahi o ēnei whārite i runga anō i te rahi matūriki me te whakakorikori, ā, i roto i ngā hītori rangahau kua whakawhiri ngā kauwhata linearized i te whakataetae ki te pseudo second order. Tauwhāitihia te whārite, te pūmau tere, te taurite kua whakatauritea, te wāhanga wā, te rahi matūriki, me te whakakorikori, ā, waiho te tere me te kaha ki ngā tīwae raumahi motuhake.
Raumahi whakataurite rangahau kua whakaputaina
Tāruatia tēnei ripanga mō ia rangahau. Ka tika anake te whakataurite i ngā wāhi e ōrite ana ngā tīwae arowhai.
| Āhuatanga | He aha hei tuhi | Ture whakariterite | Ki te ngaro, whakamutua |
|---|---|---|---|
| Horopeta | g/L, me te rōrahi me te papatipu katoa | Whakatauritea te qe i te horopeta ōrite; waiho motuhake te ōrau tangohanga | Kāore e taea te huri te ōrau hei kaha |
| Kukū | Raupapa C0, awhe Ce, kua tae rānei ki te papa | Whakatauritea te qmax i ngā awhe inaki anake | Tērā pea he extrapolation noa te qmax |
| pH | pH tīmatanga me te taurite, ngā tote, te ira utu-kore mēnā e mōhiotia ana | Whakaōrite i roto i te kotahi unit pea | Kāore e mōhiotia te kaha akiaki |
| Wā | Wā whakapā, ānau kinetics, paearu taurite | Whakatauritea te qe i te taurite kua whakaaturia anake | Tērā pea he qt kua tapa hē hei qe |
| Pāmahana | Pāmahana o ia ira isotherm | Whakatauritea i te pāmahana ōrite | Ka pohehetia te nekehanga wera hei rerekētanga rauemi |
| Pūtake pūrongo | Papatipu maroke, mākū rānei, hautanga haumākū, wāhanga hohe versus hiato, kiato rōrahi, horahanga BET | Hurihia ki te mg per dry gram; tāpirihia ngā tīwae rōrahi me te horahanga | Kāore e mōhiotia te tauraro |
| Whakataurite tauira | Ngā whārite, linear versus nonlinear fit, ine hapa, toenga, rangirua tawhā | Me whakamahi kē ngā nonlinear fits; whakatauritea ngā huinga tawhā katoa | Kāore e taea te manatoko i te kerēme best fit |
| Matrix otinga | Kounga wai, kaha katote, ngā katote whakataetae, ngā matū waro rānei | Whakaōritea te matrix, ka tapa rānei te hua hei taumata screening | Kāore e mōhiotia te mahinga i te wai tūturu |
E rua ngā tauira tuhinga e whakaatu ana i te mahinga o te raumahi. E pūrongo ana tētahi raupapa nikau rā i te taurite tata ki te 160 minutes, tētahi optimum tata ki te pH 6.5, te pikinga o qmax me te pāmahana, ā, ko Temkin me pseudo second order ngā whakamārama i manakohia. E pūrongo ana tētahi paura rau bamboo kua tukatukahia i te 725 mg/g pea me te tangohanga tata oti, engari nō te waikano 100 ki te 400 mg/L i te horopeta 0.2 ki te 1.4 g/L, me te 60 minutes pea kia tae ki te taurite. Ka taea e ngā mea e rua te tika ā-roto, engari kāore e taea te whakarārangi tētahi ki tētahi kia ōrite rā anō te horopeta, te kukū, te pH, te pāmahana, me te pūtake.
He āhua pūmau tō te rerenga kōrero tika: i raro i te awhe kukū, te horopeta, te pH, te pāmahana, te wā taurite, me te pūtake pūrongo kua whakaōritea, he nui ake te tangohanga a te rauemi X i te rauemi Y. Ko tētahi kōrero poto ake i tēnā he kerēme mō ngā whakamātau e rua, ehara mō ngā rauemi e rua.