Te kikorangi metilīni i te whakatae papanga me te pepa: Basic Blue 9 i te whare whakatae

Tekau mā rima tau te kikorangi metilīni e whakamahia ana hei waikano arumoni i mua i te hoatutanga ki tētahi tūroro. Nā Heinrich Caro i waihanga mā te tukanga matū i BASF i 1876 hei waikano papanga, ā, e whakaahuatia ana i te hītori ake o BASF me tā te American Chemical Society hei waikano i hangaia mō te miro. Nō te takiwā o 1880 ngā mahi whakatae hauora a Koch, ā, nō muri tonu mai ngā maimoatanga malaria o 1891. Ko ērā atu whakamahinga katoa o taua pūhui, hei waikano taiwhanga, hei matū tohu, hei rongoā, i tīmata mai i tētahi tāurunga ki te rārangi waikano.

Ko taua tāurunga tonu te huarahi tika hei whakamārama i te matū i roto i te ahumahi. Ki te reo o te whare whakatae, ehara tōna ingoa i te pūhaumāota metilitioniniuma. Ko Basic Blue 9.

Kotahi te pūhui, e rua ngā pūnaha tau

E rua ngā tautuhinga a te Colour Index mō ia waikano arumoni. Ka whakaahua te Ingoa Whānui i te whakamahinga; ka whakaahua te Tau Hanganga i te hanganga matū. Ko te Ingoa Whānui o te kikorangi metilīni ko C.I. Basic Blue 9, ā, ko tōna Tau Hanganga ko C.I. 52015. Nā tēnei ka whakarōpūtia ki te kāwai taihīni, kei ngā tau 52000 ki te 52999. Ka whakaū tētahi whakamārama hou mō te Colour Index i tēnei, mā te whakamahi i te kikorangi metilīni hei tauira whakamārama.

Ko te matū kei muri i ngā tau ko te katote tōrunga fenotaihīni e takirua ana ki te katote pūhaumāota: ko tōna tātai korewai ko C16H18ClN3S, me tōna papatipu rāpoi tata ki te 319.9 g/mol, me CAS 61-73-4. Ko te momo wai-toru e hokona nuitia ana he tata ki te 373.9 g/mol, me CAS 7220-79-3. Ka hanga te tote arumoni i ngā tioata kākāriki pōuri, he kanapa parahi tō rātou, ā, ka memeha hei wairewa kikorangi hōhonu. Ko te pH o tētahi wairewa 1 ōrau o te momo wai-toru kei te 3 ki te 4.5, e ai ki PubChem me tētahi arotake hou mō ngā āhuatanga rāpoi. Me tirotiro te tangata e hoko ana mā te pahū ko tēhea tau CAS kei te tapanga, nā te mea kei tētahi kirokaramu o te momo wai-toru he rōpū kawe tae e tata ana ki te 15 ōrau iti iho i ērā kei tētahi kirokaramu o te tote korewai. Me whakatau he aha pū te matū e paunatia ana i mua i tētahi tātaitanga whakatae.

Te ariā here: he katote tōrunga e kimi ana i ngā katote tōraro

He waikano katote tōrunga ngā waikano taketake. I roto i te wairewa, he utu hiko tōrunga tō te momo matū whai tae, nō reira he māmā rawa tōna here ki ngā muka e whai wāhi katote tōraro ana. Mā taua meka kotahi e matapae tata ai te tauira whakamahinga katoa.

Ko te muka kiriaku te tauira matua i ngā pukapuka ako. I te nuinga o te wā, he rōpū kāpokihāte, he rōpū sulfonate rānei kei runga, ā, nā te tōpana katote i waenga i aua wāhi me te katote tōrunga o te waikano ka kaha te piringa ki te muka. Ka whakaahuatia tēnei i ngā rangahau mō te whakatae kiriaku mā ngā waikano katote tōrunga e whakamahia nuitia ana me te matū o ngā muka kiriaku. Ka mimiti hāngai hoki te wūru me te hiraka i ngā waikano taketake ki ngā wāhi whai utu hiko tōraro, ka puta ai he tae kanapa. Heoi, e whakatūpato ana ngā tohutoro papanga, ko ngā waikano taketake tawhito i runga i ēnei muka he ngoikore te mau o te tae ki te aho. Ka whakarāpopototia tēnei i tētahi pukapuka ako tuwhera mō te whakatae papanga.

Ko te miro te aweretanga matua. He iti te piringa o te selulōhi kāore anō kia tukatukatia ki ngā waikano taketake tuku iho. Koinei tonu te take i hiahiatia ai he āwhina mō tā Caro “waikano mō te miro”. I ngā tikanga o mua, ka whakamahia te waikawa tānini hei matū whakapūmau tae mō te miro, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakapūmautia mā te tātarate pāhare pāporo antimoni. Mā tēnei ka puta he pūhui tānini-waikano kāore e memeha i runga i te muka. Kei tētahi pukapuka ārahi whakatae miro o taua wā ngā mahi e toru, te tānini, te whakapūmau, kātahi ko te whakatae, i Te Whakatae i ngā Papanga Miro. Me āta whakamārama hoki te nairona noa: he muka mō ngā waikano waikawa te nuinga, ā, ko te nairona anake kua āta whakarerekētia ki ngā rōpū sulfonate ka kaha te mimiti i ngā waikano taketake. Ka hokona tēnei hei nairona ka taea te whakatae ki ngā waikano katote tōrunga, ā, ka whakaahuatia i ngā mahi pērā i US6312805B1.

Nō reira, he poto te whakarāpopototanga mō ngā muka. Ko te miro me tētahi matū whakapūmau tae tānini, nā ngā tikanga o mua; ko te wūru me te hiraka ka whakatae hāngai, engari ka memeha wawe te tae; ko te kiriaku te muka hou e tino hāngai ana ki te matū; ko te nairona noa kāore e tino pai.

He kanapa, engari he memeha wawe

Ehara te whakanoho i te tae te ngoikoretanga. Ko te pupuri i te tae kia mau tonu te raruraru. I tētahi rangahau o 2019 i whakatae hāngai i te miro, te hiraka me te wūru ki te kikorangi metilīni wai-toru, ko te whakatauranga mau o te tae ki te aho he 1, arā, ko te pito raro rawa o te tauine, mō ngā muka e toru i raro i ISO 105-B02. I pai ake te pupuri tae i muri anake i te tukatuka whakamutunga ki te smectite, e ai ki te pūrongo i RSC Advances. He ōrite te kōrero o ngā tuhinga tawhito, i te reo o taua wā: he maha ngā tae taketake ka memeha i te aho, e ai ki te tuhinga whakatae o te Encyclopaedia Britannica o 1911.

He whakatūpatotanga tuarua kei te matū o te kaukau whakatae. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia ngā waikano taketake i ngā āhuatanga kūpapa, paku waikawa rānei, ā, he tino kino te kawakore kaha mō te kikorangi metilīni. I roto i te kawakore wairewa 0.1 M, ka wāwāhia e te wai, ko te hua matua ko te waiporoporo metilīni a Bernthsen, he hua kaha te tae, he piringa ki te ngako. Kāore e noho pūmau tonu te kikorangi metilīni, e ai ki tētahi rangahau mō te pānga o te kawakore ki te kikorangi metilīni. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā toenga horoi kawakore i roto i ngā papanga, e tētahi tukatuka kawakore i muri rānei, te whakarerekē i te āhua o te tae mō ngā take matū kāore e pā ana ki te whakapūmau. He kaupapa motuhake te huringa hāora-whakaiti kei muri i ngā panonitanga tae, engari he māmā te ture mahi: kaua e tukua te kaukau whakatae kia kaha te kawakore.

Te pepa, te waituhi me ngā tārua waro

Kua tuhia te whakatae pepa hei whakamahinga arumoni o nāianei. Ka whakarārangi tētahi kaiwhakarato Basic Blue 9 i te pepa me te whakatae hiraka, muka hemp, rākau me te bamboo, me te hanga waituhi, poaka tae hoki, i tana pepa whakamahinga hua. He kaha ake ngā taunakitanga ā-tuhituhi mō te waituhi: i whai a Īnia i mua i tētahi paerewa motuhake, IS 2230:1962, mō te waikano kikorangi metilīni mō te ahumahi waituhi. Kua whakakorea taua paerewa ināianei, engari kei te pūrongo ā-tau BIS o 1962 ki te 1963 te kōrero, ā, kua whakarārangitia hei paerewa kua whakakorea.

Kua tuhia hoki te whakamahinga ki te pepa waro. Ka whakaahua tētahi ārai o Amerika o 1933 mō ngā paninga pepa waro i ngā waituhi hinu me te ware pi e mau ana i ngā waikano anilīni, tae atu ki te kikorangi metilīni, i US1925235A. Ā, i tētahi rangahau pūtaiao taonga tuku iho o 2024 mō ngā pene rākau tārua kikorangi o mua, i kitea te kikorangi metilīni hei tētahi o ngā matū tae tino whānui. I tuhia hoki ngā whanonga e matapaetia ana e te whare whakatae: he tino tairongo ki te aho, ā, ka rere te tae ina mākū. I whakaputaina tēnei i npj Heritage Science. He ōrite te matū o te pene rākau i tārua kanapa ai, kātahi ka memeha i te rā, ki tō te miro i whakatae kanapa ai, kātahi ka memeha i te matapihi.

E toru ngā kōeke, e toru ngā pūnaha whakaritenga

Koinei te whakataurite tino whai take, nā te mea ka kapi i te ingoa kotahi ngā matū i hangaia ki ngā whakaritenga kāore e hāngai tahi ana. Ehara te kōeke papanga, te waikano koiora me te kōeke rongoā i ngā taumata o tētahi arawhata parakore kotahi. He whakautu ēnei ki ngā pātai rerekē.

Me whakanui ngā pōhēhētanga e rua kei te ripanga. Tuatahi, ehara te waikano papanga “100 ōrau” i te rōpū kawe tae parakore 100 ōrau; ka tautuhi ISO 105-Z10 i te kaha mā te whakataurite ki tētahi waikano tohutoro. Tuarua, ehara te waikano taiwhanga kua whakamanatia, he 82 ōrau tōna ihirangi waikano, i tētahi matū rongoā kua hapa; kua puta ia i tētahi whakamātautau kē. Ka whakaatuhia te taha rongoā e tētahi pūrongo whanaketanga tukanga i pupuri i te tapeke konganuku ki raro i te 20 ppm, i Azure B ki raro i te 2 ōrau, me ērā atu poke ki raro i te 0.5 ōrau. Ko ēnei inenga e whakaahua ana i taua tukanga i te rangahau Proveblue kua whakaputaina, ehara i tētahi whakaritenga papanga whānui. Ko te take i whai paerewa tohutoro motuhake ai a Azure B, ko ia te poke matua ka hua i te tangohanga o ngā rōpū metila, ā, he hua pākia hohe ā-rongoā anō ia. Ka tirohia tēnei kaupapa i ngā rangahau mō Azure B.

Mō te whare whakatae, ka ahu mai ngā arowhai mahi mō ngā matū hou i te tīwae mauī: te whakataurite i te āhua o te tae ki te paerewa, te kaha whakataurite, te memehatanga me te matū kāore e memeha, te haumākū, me te ōritetanga i waenga i ngā puranga. Kāore tētahi mea o taua rārangi e whakamana ana i te pahū mō te taiwhanga, waihoki mō te kai.

Me pēhea te pānui i tētahi pepa raraunga Basic Blue 9

Ka whakarārangi tētahi pepa raraunga hangarau noa i ngā tau e whā, ā, ka whakautu ia tau i tētahi pātai rerekē. Ko te kaha, ka whakaaturia hei ōrau ki te puranga tohutoro a te kaiwhakarato, e tohu ana ki te kaiwhakatae e hia te waikano hei pauna kia tae ki te hōhonutanga tae e whāia ana; mō tētahi puranga he 105 ōrau te kaha, me tata ki te 5 ōrau iti iho te taumaha i tō te paerewa. Ko te ihirangi waikano, ina whakaaturia, ko te hautanga matū o te rōpū kawe tae tūturu. He iti iho tēnei i tā te tau kaha e tohu ana, nā te mea kei roto i te paura arumoni te haumākū me ngā matū waimeha. Ko te matū kāore e memeha ki te wai, ka herea ki ngā tepe pēnei i te 1.5 ōrau, e matapae ana i ngā ira me te purutanga o ngā tātari, kāore i te āhua o te tae. Mā te haumākū e whakaoti te tirohanga, ā, e pā tahi ana ki te take o te wai tioata: e toru ngā rāpoi wai tioata kei te momo wai-toru, nō reira kei tētahi kiro o taua momo he rōpū kawe tae e tata ana ki te ono hautuawhitu o ērā kei tētahi kiro o te tote korewai. Ki te tuhia tētahi tohutaka mō tētahi momo wai tioata, engari ka paunatia tētahi atu momo, ka hapa te hōhonutanga tae mā taua hautanga i mua tonu i te urunga o ngā papanga ki te kaukau whakatae.

He kōrero mō te wai para

He tino kaha te tae o te kikorangi metilīni, ā, he ngāwari te whai mā te ine ngongo aho. I te nuinga o ngā rangahau whakapiri mata, ka aroturukitia tōna ngongo aho kitea i te takiwā o te 663 ki te 665 nm, pērā i tētahi rangahau ngongo koiora me tētahi rangahau whakapiri mata ki te rā wai. Nā taua māmā o te whakamahi i noho ai hei waikano katote tōrunga tauira mō ngā rangahau wai para. Ka tirotiro tētahi arotake nui i te Journal of Hazardous Materials i tōna tangohanga mā te whakapiri mata ki ngā matū utu iti, e kapi ana i ngā wai para papanga, pepa me te tā.

E rua ngā taha o tōna tūnga hei tauira. Kāore te nui o ngā pepa rangahau whakapiri mata e whakaū ana ko te kikorangi metilīni tonu tētahi o ngā whakapoke matua o te ahumahi papanga o nāianei; e whakaū ana he pūhui ngāwari tēnei hei whakakapi tauira mō ngā waikano katote tōrunga whānui. Me whai whakaaro ki taua rerekētanga ina pānui i ngā kerēme mō te wai para.

Ko te ingoa te whakatūpatotanga

Basic Blue 9, C.I. 52015, pūhaumāota metilitioniniuma: e toru ngā ingoa mō te rōpū kawe tae kotahi, e hokona ana i raro i ngā pūnaha whakaritenga e toru, neke atu rānei. Kāore rawa te matū papanga i hangaia e Caro mō te miro i whakaritea kia pai mō te horomanga, ā, kāore tētahi tiwhikete mō te āhua me te kaha o te tae e taea te whakamana i taua whakamahinga. Ina puta te ingoa kotahi o te pahū ki runga i tētahi whata taiwhanga, mā te whakaritenga, kaua mā te tae, koe e mōhio ai he aha te matū kei a koe.