Tuhinga
Ngā rerenga totoka me ngā tioata o te kikorangi metilīni: he aratohu rapurongoā mō te waihanga
He pūataata tētahi wairewa i te Mane, ā, he tioata kei roto i te Paraire. Tērā rānei he paura kāore e tino memeha ahakoa te kaha o te kōrorirori. Tērā rānei ka kōrehurehu ngā wai pūataata e rua i te wā tonu ka whakakotahitia. Ka kīia ēnei katoa he rerenga totoka o te kikorangi metilīni, engari he rahunga rerekē, he take rerekē, he whakatikatika rerekē hoki.
Ko te hapa, ko te whakamahi i te āhua hei whakatau i te take. Kotahi noa iho te pātai ka whakautua e ngā totoka e kitea ana: kei reira tētahi wāhanga totoka motuhake. Ko ngā mea katoa atu — he aha taua totoka, he aha i puta ai, me aha hoki — me ahu mai i te wā i puta ai, te waihanga, te whakarewa, me ngā whakaritenga whakahaere kei te tapanga o te hua kei mua i a koe.
Mā te memeha e whakatakoto te paepae
Me tīmata ia mahi rapurongoā ki te tirohanga kotahi: pēhea te tata o tēnei ranunga ki te paepae memeha i tēnei whakarewa, i tēnei pāmahana.
Mō te tote pūhaumāota i te wai parakore, ka whakarāpopotohia e te tāurunga PubChem mō te kikorangi metilīni tētahi memehatanga tata ki te 43.6 mg/mL i te 25 C. I ine tētahi atu huinga raraunga whakamātau i te 43.2 g/L i taua pāmahana anō, me tētahi huringa entalpi whakamemeha tino tōrunga. Ko te tikanga, ka tino piki te memehatanga ina whakamahana, ka tino heke ina whakamātao. I taua huinga raraunga, ko ngā kukūtanga i te paepae memeha he tata ki te 19 g/L i te 5 C, te 43 g/L i te 25 C, me te 84 g/L i te 45 C.
E rua ngā here nui hei whakaaro mā te tangata i mua i te whakahua i ēnei tau hei whakaritenga paerewa. Tuatahi, kei te pūkete PubChem mō te puka haidrati-toru tētahi atu uara kua kohia, arā, 100 mg/mL neke atu i te pāmahana tata ki tērā o te rūma, nō tētahi atu puna, mō tētahi totoka e rerekē ana tōna ingoa. Kaua ēnei uara e rua e whakakotahitia hei uara pono kotahi. Tuarua, i kitea e tētahi rangahau hanganga tioata e rima ngā wāhanga haidrati motuhake o te kikorangi metilīni, ā, kāore he wāhanga haidrati-toru parakore kotahi, ahakoa ko te haidrati-toru tonu te ingoa kua whakaaetia i ngā pukapuka paerewa rongoā me ngā hua. Arā, kāore pea te totoka ka paunatia e koe e tino ōrite ki te totoka kua whakaingoatia ki te tapanga. Ka whai tōna memehatanga tūturu i te totoka me te whakarewa e whakamahia ana, ehara i te ingoa anake. Mā ngā puka totoka kei muri i ngā ingoa haidrati e whakamārama te take ka rerekē ai ngā ingoa o ngā pukapuka paerewa rongoā i ngā hanganga tioata.
Hei whakataurite, ko te hua rongoā kua oti, ko PROVAYBLUE, he wairewa 5 mg/mL, kei raro rawa i te paepae mō te wai parakore. Ki te kitea he tioata kikorangi metilīni i te wairewa o taua kukūtanga, ā, e tika ana te rokiroki, kāore e taea te whakamārama mā te kukūtanga taurite noa i te paepae memeha. Me whai whakaaro ki tētahi atu take: te hītori pāmahana, tētahi wāhanga kua tāpirihia, tētahi puna korakora rānei i waho i te waikano ake.
Ko te wā te tohu wehewehe tuatahi
I mua i te kimi whakamārama, tuhia te wā i puta ai ngā totoka e pā ana ki ngā takahanga e toru: te pānga tuatahi o te paura ki te whakarewa, tētahi wā i waiho noa ai, i whakamātaotia rānei, me te tāpiritanga o tētahi wāhanga tuarua. Mā taua rārangi wā kotahi e wehewehe te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga.
| Te kitenga me te wā | Te horopaki waihanga me te whakarewa | Te tukanga e whakapaetia ana | Te tirohanga tapanga, whakahaere rānei | Te mahi whai muri |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kei reira ngā totoka mai i te tīmatanga; kāore rawa te paura e memeha katoa | He kukūtanga e tata ana ki te paepae memeha tūturu, kei runga ake rānei; he whakarewa hē mō te puka totoka; kāore i roa te wā whakamemeha | He whakamemehatanga kāore anō kia oti, ehara i te rahunga rokiroki | Whakaūngia te puka totoka kua paunatia, te kukūtanga e whai ana, me te whakarewa ki te tukanga kua whakamanaia | Whakahekea te kukūtanga, hurihia rānei te whakarewa kia rite ki te tukanga kua whakamanaia; whakaūngia te wāhanga kua memeha mā te whakamātautau ine, kaua mā te titiro noa |
| He pūataata i te tīmatanga, ka whai tioata, ka kōrehurehu rānei i muri i te waiho noa, i te whakamātao rānei | He wairewa matua ā-wai kukū; he rokiroki ki te rūma makariri, ki te pouaka whakamātao rānei | He kukūtanga tuwhene, kātahi ka tōmuri te hanga karihi tioata | Arotakengia te pāmahana rokiroki kei te tapanga; ko ngā whakaritenga rokiroki me te whakahaere mō te hua rongoā e tohu ana i te 20 ki te 25 C, me te kore e whakamātao ki te pouaka whakamātao, e whakatio rānei | Whakamahana anake mēnā ka whakaaetia e te tukanga; ki te kore, whakaritea he wairewa hou he iti ake te kukūtanga, ka pupuri ai ki te pāmahana kua tohua ki te tapanga |
| Ka puta he kōrehurehu, he korakora rānei ina whakakotahitia ngā wai e rua | He wai waimeha whai pūhaumāota, otirā te wairewa tote 0.9%; he ranunga ki tētahi atu hua rongoā | He hotokoretanga, he rerenga totoka nā te tote rānei | Ko ngā mōhiohio whakahau rongoā mō PROVAYBLUE e tohutohu ana kia waimehatia ki te tekoterōhi 5% ina whakamahia te waimehatanga, ā, e whakatūpato ana ka whakaiti te pūhaumāota i te memehatanga; tirohia mēnā he korakora | Whakamutua te mahi, ā, wehea te ranunga; kaua e tātari, kātahi ka whakamahi i tētahi hua werohanga e kitea ana he korakora; arotakengia te raupapa tāpiri i ngā mahi waimeha me te hototahi |
| Ka memeha te tae kikorangi, kāore he parataiao | Kei reira he matū whakaheke, pērā i te waikawa askōpiki; kua aukatia te hāora, kātahi ka tukuna anō ki roto | He panonitanga hāoratanga-whakahekenga ki te puka leuko kore tae, ehara i te rerenga totoka | Tirohia te rārangi wāhanga mō ngā matū whakaheke, whakahāora rānei | Whakaūngia mā te tātari tūāwhiorangi (te ngaronga o te pae kikorangi metilīni i te wāhanga kitea), kaua mā te tātari korakora; whakaarohia he raruraru matū, ehara i te raruraru memeha |
| He korakora kei roto i tētahi ipu rongoā kāore anō kia whakatuwheratia, kua tika hoki te rokiroki | He hua kua oti, 5 mg/mL, kāore anō kia hipa te rā paunga, kāore anō kia waimehatia | He korakora nō waho, nō te ipu rānei, he hapa hua rānei; ehara i te kukūtanga noa i te paepae memeha | Whāia te tohutohu o te tapanga kia tirohia mō ngā korakora me te panonitanga tae i mua i te whakamahi | Taratahi te ipu, ka whai ai i te tukanga amuamu mō te hua; kāore te āhua anake e tautuhi i te korakora, e ai ki te kōrero mō te wehe a ngā whakamātautau tātari i te tuakiri i te āhua |
Ngā hapa whakarite: he totoka mai i te meneti tuatahi
Ko te paura kāore rawa e memeha he tohu ki te whakaritenga, ehara ki te rokiroki. Ko ngā take noa, ko te kukūtanga kei runga ake i te paepae memeha tūturu i te whakarewa kua kōwhiria, ko tētahi whakarewa i pōhēhētia he ōrite engari kāore, me te kore manawanui.
Ka whakaatu te ewaro i te mahanga whakarewa. Ko ngā whakamārama e kī ana ka memeha te kikorangi metilīni ki te ewaro e huna ana i te whānuitanga nui o ngā hua whakamātau, ā, e ai ki ngā tohutoro tawhito, he paku noa te memeha o te haidrati-toru ki te waipiro. I te huinga raraunga pāmahana kua whakahuatia i runga, i te 25 C ka mau te ewaro i te tata ki te 37 g/L, ka mau te wai i te 43 g/L, ā, i tino panoni ēnei e rua i runga i te pāmahana. Ki te whakawhitia tētahi tukanga ki tētahi atu whakarewa, ki tētahi atu pāmahana rānei, me te kore e whakamana anō, tērā ka hipa te paepae me te kore e mōhiotia.
He mahanga huna ake tō te hononga rāpoi. Ka hono ngā rāpoi kikorangi metilīni ki a rātou anō i te wai, ka hanga rāpoi takirua me ngā kāhui nui ake. Kei te tata ki te 665 nm te ngongo o te rāpoi takitahi, ā, kei te tata ki te 605 ki te 612 nm te wāhi ngongo a ngā kāhui. Nō reira, ka taea e tētahi wairewa kukū te panoni tae, te panoni tūāwhiorangi rānei, ahakoa e pūataata tonu ana. Ehara ngā rāpoi takirua i te rerenga totoka o te kikorangi metilīni. Ki te whakaarohia ia panonitanga tūāwhiorangi he tohu mō te hanga tioata e haere ake ana, ka puta ngā whakatikatika, pērā i te tātari kaha, e aro ana ki te raruraru hē.
Ngā panonitanga rokiroki: he pūataata i te tuatahi, he tioata ā muri
Ko te wairewa i pūataata i te tuatahi, kātahi ka waiho he tioata, he tohu o te kukūtanga tuwhene. He nui ake te waikano memeha ka mau i te wai mahana i tō te wai makariri. Ka taea e tētahi wairewa matua kukū i whakaritea i te mahana, kātahi ka whakawhitia ki te rūma makariri, ki te pouaka whakamātao rānei, te noho pūataata i tētahi āhua āhua-pūmau mō ngā hāora i mua i te tīmatanga o te hanga karihi tioata. Kia puta te karihi tuatahi, ka tere haere te hanga tioata; koia te take ka āhua ohorere te panonitanga.
I konei ka kitea te hiranga o ngā tohutohu whakahaere o te tapanga. Kua tohua te hua rongoā mō te 20 ki te 25 C, me te whakaae ki ngā wā poto i waenga i te 15 me te 30 C, me te tiaki i te mārama, me ngā tohutohu mārama kia kaua e rokiroki ki te pouaka whakamātao, e whakatio rānei. Nō reira, me ui tētahi rangahau korakora mō taua hua ki te hītori pāmahana i mua i te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga matū. Ko te rokiroki makariri i tētahi hua e rāhuitia ana taua mahi he takahitanga i ngā tikanga whakahaere. Ko te whakatika kei te tukanga, ehara i tētahi mahi whakaora ka mahia ki te ipu.
Ka taea e te whanonga haidrati te tāpiri i tētahi panonitanga pōturi i te rokiroki. Nā te mea ka taea te totoka te noho i ngā wāhanga haidrati maha, ka taea e tētahi tārewatanga, e tētahi ranunga kātahi anō ka memeha katoa rānei, te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā puka totoka i te wā e waiho noa ana, ka panoni ai te rahinga e mau ana kua memeha. He tino take tēnei mō ngā wairewa matua taiwhanga kua whakaritea tata ki te paepae memeha, kua rokirokia mō ngā wiki, ehara mō ngā hua kua oti he iti te kukūtanga.
Ngā hotokoretanga: he totoka ka whai i te whakaranu
Ina kōrehurehu i muri i te whakakotahitanga o ngā wāhanga e rua, whakapaetia te whakakotahitanga, kaua te waikano anake. Ko te tauira kua tino tuhia ko te pūhaumāota. Ka karo ngā mōhiohio whakahau rongoā i te whakamahi wairewa konutai pūhaumāota hei wai waimeha nā te mea ka whakaiti te pūhaumāota i te memehatanga, ā, e pūrongo ana ngā mōhiohio hua o Ahitereiria i te rerenga totoka ki te wairewa tote 0.9%. Ka tautoko ngā rangahau tukanga i te whakakāhui me te rerenga totoka nā te tote e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pūhaumāota: ka neke te tote kua tāpirihia i ngā taurite hononga ki ngā kāhui nui ake, ā, ina nui te pūhaumāota, ka puta ngā kāhui i te wairewa. Nō reira, ehara te wairewa tote i te wai whai katote mātakitaki noa. He whakarewa kē, he iti ake tōna paepae.
Kei ngā mōhiohio hua ētahi atu hotokoretanga kua tuhia, ehara i ngā kōrero tuku iho o te taiwhanga: ngā kawakore kai kiko, ngā tote konutawa, ngā tote daikōromata, me ngā matū whakahāora, whakaheke hoki. Kua tuhia hoki te hanga tote takirua mō te maha o ngā tote pararopi-kore. Ehara i te rerenga totoka anake te hua o ngā āhuatanga tino kawakore; i te kawakore 0.1 M ka panoni matū te waikano, ko te nuinga ki te waiporoporo metilīni. He whakakino matū tēnā, ā, kāore he whakarerekētanga memeha e whakahoki i te pūhui taketake.
Te mahanga waikawa askōpiki: ehara te memehatanga tae i te rerenga totoka
Me wehe tētahi āhuatanga, nā te mea koinei te take o ngā whakatau hē e tino whakapono ana te tangata. Ka whakaheke te waikawa askōpiki i te kikorangi metilīni whai tae kikorangi ki te puka leuko tata kore tae, ā, ka taea e te hāora te whakahuri i taua panonitanga. Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga tātari taua memehatanga tae tonu hei ine i te askōpata i ngā taumata maikoromōra. Ko te wairewa kikorangi ka koma i te taha o tētahi matū whakaheke, me te kore parataiao, kua panoni mā te hāoratanga-whakahekenga. Ki te kīia he tioata kikorangi metilīni kei te wairewa, ka anga te rangahau ki ngā tātari me ngā whakarewa, ahakoa ko ngā taputapu tika he ine-ngongo-tūāwhiorangi me te arotake i te rārangi wāhanga.
He tika anō te kōaro. Ko ngā korakora tūturu e mau tonu ana te tae kikorangi he raruraru wāhanga ā-tinana, ki te kore te tātari e whakaatu i tētahi atu take. Mā te whanonga tae e whakawhāiti ngā take ka taea; kāore e oti i reira te rangahau.
Ngā mea kāore e taea te mōhio mā te āhua
E rua ngā rohe e pupuri ana i te pono o tēnei aratohu. Tuatahi, kāore e taea te tautuhi ngā korakora ka kitea i tētahi hua rongoā hei tioata waikano mā te titiro noa. Ka noho tonu ngā rawa nō te ipu me ngā korakora nō waho hei take hei whakaaro, koia te tapanga e tohutohu ai kia tirohia, kia whakakāhoretia hoki, kaua kia tautuhia i te taha o te moenga o te tūroro. Tuarua, kāore tēnei aratohu e tuku tohutohu whakaranu mō ngā hua werohanga. Ko ngā wai waimeha, ngā raupapa tāpiri, me ngā pātai mō te wā e tika tonu ana te whakamahi kei raro i te tapanga hua, ngā tukanga whare rongoā, me ngā paerewa whakaranu e hāngai ana, ehara i tētahi tuhinga rapurongoā.
Anei te tauira hei whakamahi, kia kotahi te whakapuakitanga: mā te memeha e whakatakoto te paepae; mā te kukūtanga me te pāmahana e whakatau te tūponotanga o te kukūtanga tuwhene; mā te pūhaumāota me te kaha katote e pana te hononga rāpoi ki te rerenga totoka nā te tote; ka hanga ngā rāpoi takirua me te kore rerenga totoka; ā, ka taea e ngā matū whakaheke te tango i te tae kikorangi me te kore e hanga totoka. Whakatauritea te kitenga ki te rārangi wā o te ripanga, tirohia te waihanga me te tapanga, ā, ka kore te nuinga o ngā rerenga totoka kikorangi metilīni e noho hei mea ngaro.