Ngā kaukau ika ki te kikorangi metilīni, me te maimoatanga taika

Ka pānui tētahi kaitiaki ika i ngā tohutohu e rua, ā, he māia te whakapuaki a tēnā, a tēnā. E kī ana tētahi kia rumakina te ika mō ētahi hēkona. E kī ana tērā atu kia tāpirihia te matū ki te taika mō ētahi rā. Ka kōrero ngā mea e rua mō te kikorangi metilīni, nō reira he āhua rite ki ngā rahinga e rua o te maimoatanga kotahi. Ehara. He ariā rerekē ēnei e rua, ko te matū anake te mea ōrite.

Whakaarohia ia maimoatanga hei huinga kukūtanga me te wā e pā ana ki tētahi ika me tōna taiao. Ki te panonihia tētahi o aua mea e whā, ka rerekē te tikanga. Ko te rumaki 50 ppm mō te 10 hēkona me te noho ki te taika i te 3 ppm mō te 5 rā, ehara i te mea ko te kaha anake te rerekētanga. Ka pā poto tētahi ki te ika, kāore e pā ki te tātari, ngā tipu, me ngā kararehe tuaiwi-kore. Ka pā tērā atu ki te pūnaha katoa mō ētahi rā. Ko te nuinga o ngā hē horopeta ka takea mai i te tauira whakaaro hē: ka whakaarohia ko te kukūtanga anake te horopeta, ka warewarehia te wā, te rōrahi wai, me te pūnaha koiora. Ka hanga anō tēnei tuhinga i taua tauira mā tētahi tapanga hua, kātahi ka whakaatu i ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he whakatikatika anō nā te momo ika me tōna wāhanga oranga. Mō ngā kōrero whakamārama e pā ana ki ngā mahi a te waikano ina rewa ki te wai, tirohia te āhua o te mahi a te kikorangi metilīni i roto i te wai taika ika.

E rua ngā maimoatanga e tautuhia ana e te tapanga, ehara i te kotahi

Me here ia tau kei raro nei ki tētahi hua motuhake. Kāore ngā kukūtanga i te milligrams per liter e whai tikanga kia mōhiotia rā anō te kaha o te wairewa pūtake, nā te mea he rerekē te nui o te waikano i ngā tīpune o tētahi wairewa 2.303 ōrau me ngā tīpune o tētahi wairewa hoko ngoikore ake. E whai ana te whakatauritenga nei i ngā tohutohu mana a Kordon mō te kikorangi metilīni, e tautuhi ana i te hua hei wairewa ā-wai 2.303 ōrau o te pūhaumāota kikorangi metilīni kāore he konutea. Ki te rerekē te kaha kua tuhia ki tō pounamu, me tātai anō, kaua e tango noa i ēnei rahinga tīpune.

E toru ngā kōrero o taua ripanga hei ārai i ngā hē e kitea nuitia ana. Tuatahi, ko te kukūtanga rumaki he tata ki te tekau mā whitu whakareatanga o te kukūtanga taika, ā, he hēkona te roa, ehara i te meneti. Ko te whakaroa i tētahi rumaki 50 ppm ki te 10, ki te 30 meneti rānei, he tino wehenga atu i tēnei tapanga, ehara i te whakaroatanga tūpato. Tuarua, kāore te tikanga 3 ki te 5 rā e whakauru ana i tētahi huringa whakakapi wai me te tāpiri horopeta anō i ia rā. E tono ana a Kordon kia kotahi te whakakapinga o tētahi wāhanga, o te katoa rānei o te wai i te mutunga, me te waro hou. Tuatoru, ko ngā tohutohu Kordon o nāianei e whakamahi ana i ngā tīpune me ngā milliliters, kaua i ngā pata. I ētahi wā ka kī ngā tāruatanga hokohoko he ōrite te 10 pata mō ia gallon ki taua 3 ppm, engari ka rerekē te rahi o te pata i tēnā taputapu whakapata, i tēnā. Nō reira me ine ki te pūwero, ki te koko kua whakatauritea rānei.

Ka herea hoki e te tapanga te wāhi e mahia ai te maimoatanga. E kī ana a Kordon kia kaua te hua e whakamahia i ngā pūnaha whakahuri anō i te wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tātari koiora, nā te mea ka whakararuraru i ngā huakita huri haukinia hei naitiraiti, hei naitireti. E tāpiri ana hoki ka whakararu pea te waikano i te tupu o ngā tipu, ka ngongoa e te kōhatu, te wheo, me te rākau, he pai ake ngā taika tahanga, ā, ka mau pūmau pea te tae ki te hiri silicone. E tohu ana aua kōrero ko te ipu maimoatanga motuhake te wāhi hei kōwhiringa tuatahi.

Te kaukau, te taika rānei: te painga o ia ariā

Mā te kaukau, te rumaki rānei, ka wehea te rongoā i te pūnaha whakaatu ika. Ka pā te kukūtanga kua tautuhia ki te ika mō te wā kua tautuhia, kātahi ka hoki ki te wai mā. Kāore te waikano e pā ki ngā huakita tātari, ngā tipu, te paparanga raro, me ngā kararehe tuaiwi-kore. Ka whakawhānui ngā tikanga ahumoana kua whakaputaina i te awhe ki tua atu i te rumaki 10 hēkona a Kordon: ka whakamahia e tētahi tikanga taratahi a te FAO mō ngā ika hei whakatipu te 20 ki te 40 ppm mō te 3 ki te 5 meneti, me te whakahoki tonu ki te wai māori kua whakaurua he hau, i āna aratohu taratahi mō ngā whare whakapao hua ika. Ka whakataurite hoki tētahi arotake ahumoana a te FAO i ngā kaukau roa 1 ki te 2 ppm ki ngā kaukau poto 8 ki te 10 ppm i tāna rangahau maimoatanga. He iti iho anō tā tētahi rangahau whare wānanga mō te kawe ika: 2 mg/L mō te tata ki te 11.5 hāora i roto i te wai kua whakaurua he hau, i tētahi rangahau UF IFAS mō te kawe ika whakapaipai. He huinga kukūtanga me te wā rerekē ēnei mō ngā kararehe me ngā whāinga rerekē. Koia tonu te take kāore he tikanga kaukau kotahi e tika ana mō ngā momo katoa.

Ko te maimoatanga taika, arā, he kukūtanga iti e puritia ana mō ētahi rā i te wai e noho ai te ika, e hāngai ana ki ngā raruraru e hiahia ana kia mau tonu te pānga: te harore i runga i ngā hua puta noa i te wā whakapao, tētahi maimoatanga rā-maha kua tohua ki te tapanga mō ngā protozoa o waho rānei. Ko te 3 ppm mō te 3 ki te 5 rā a Kordon te tauira taika ika tino mārama. Ko te utu o tēnei, ka pā te matū ki te pūnaha katoa. I whakamātau a Sipos rāua ko Urakawa i te kikorangi metilīni ki ngā moroiti whakahaora haukinia mai i te 10 parts per billion ki te 10 ppm. I kitea he tino rerekē te tairongo, he kaha te aukati i ētahi rauropi i ngā taumata tino iti, ā, i mate ngā pūtau Nitrosomonas marina i whakamātauria, e ai ki tā rāua rangahau mō te aukati i ngā moroiti huri haukinia. He whāiti ake te kōrero ka taea te tautoko i ngā kōrero tuku iho a ngā kaiwhakangahau: ka taea e te kikorangi metilīni te aukati, te patu rānei i ngā moroiti huri haukinia hei naitiraiti me te naitireti, ā, ka whakararu i taua tukanga. Engari he rerekē te tairongo o ia rauropi, nō reira kāore tētahi horopeta taika ika kotahi e whakapūmau ana ka hinga te pūnaha, ka haumaru rānei.

Ka puta te ture whakatau i ēnei ariā e rua. Whakamahia he kaukau, he rumaki rānei, ina ko te whāinga he pānga poto ki tētahi ika, ki ētahi ika torutoru rānei, me te pupuri i te pūnaha whakaatu kia kore e whakararu: he ika hou whai kōpure hihira, he ika kotahi whai wharanga ki tētahi wāhi motuhake, tētahi taika rānei kei roto he kōura iti, he ngata, he tipu whai uara, he tātari koiora pakari rānei kāore e taea te whakararu. Whakamahia he noho rā-maha ki tētahi ipu maimoatanga tahanga ina me mau tonu te pānga mō te take maimoatanga, pērā i tētahi huinga hua ika i te wā e tūpono ai te harore. Ko te tāpiri horopeta ki te taika whakaatu kua whakapaipaitia, kua whakatōkia, ā, he tātari koiora tōna, he kōwhiringa whakamutunga, ehara i te kōwhiringa tuatahi. Ahakoa tērā, me noho tahanga te ipu ki te nui ka taea, me tango te waro, me whakamātau te haukinia me te naitiraiti i ia rā.

Ngā momo ika, ngā hua, me ngā punua: he aha kāore ai he horopeta mō te katoa

Ko te kī a te tapanga he haumaru mō ngā hua me ngā punua ika “ina whakamahia kia rite ki ngā tohutohu”, ehara i te kī ka manawanui ngā momo katoa ki ngā horopeta katoa kua whakaputaina. I whakamātau tētahi rangahau hua ika whakapaipai i te 0.5 ki te 3 mg/L ki ngā hua tetra pango, ika anahera, me te ika hepara. I kitea nā te 3 mg/L i pai ake ai te whakapao o te ika anahera me te tetra pango, engari kāore i te ika hepara. I whakatūpato ngā kaituhi kia kaua e whakawhānui noa i ngā kitenga mai i tētahi momo ki tētahi atu, e mau ana i te pūkete FAO AGRIS mō te whakamātautau whakakore moroiti i ngā hua. I kitea i tētahi rangahau ika hepara nō muri tata nei, nā ngā taumata tiaki auau o te tata ki te 0.5 ki te 1 mg/L i rerekē ai te pākia whakahaora i te whanaketanga tōmua. I tūtohua kia whakaarohia anō te pānga auau ina whai take ngā inenga pākia, e whakamāramatia ana i tētahi rangahau whanaketanga ika hepara o 2025. He take motuhake hoki te roanga, ahakoa te momo ika: i heke ngā inenga toto me te ārai mate o ngā ika kōura i puritia tonutia ki te 2 mg/L mō te 21 rā, ā, i rerekē hoki te tupu. He pānga mauroa tēnei kāore e tūtohua ana e tētahi tapanga, e pūrongotia ana i tētahi whakamātautau pānga mauroa ki te ika kōura.

Me pērā anō te aromatawai i ngā whakapono hē e rua a ngā kaiwhakangahau. Ko te whakatūpato mō ngā ika unahi-kore me te kikorangi metilīni, te āhua nei, kua whakawhitia mai i te kākāriki malachite, he matū e whai taunakitanga rangahau tūturu ana mō te tairongo o ngā ika unahi-kore. Engari ka tirohia motuhaketia e tētahi arotake nō nā tata nei te kikorangi metilīni hei waikano iti iho te tāoke i tētahi arotake maimoatanga pirinoa o waho o 2025. Ehara tēnā i te kī kāore te kikorangi metilīni e kino ki ngā ika tairongo katoa. Ko tōna tikanga, me pānui ngā rārangi tetra, gourami, me ngā ika unahi-kore kāore he puna taunakitanga, hei tohu kia tūpato, kaua hei kāwai kua whakapūmautia. Mō ngā kararehe tuaiwi-kore, he iti ngā raraunga pakari mō ngā horopeta haumaru ki ngā kōura iti me ngā ngata whakapaipai, ā, he rerekē ngā kōrero a ngā kaihanga. E whakatūpato ana tētahi waitohu hokohoko ka mate pea te kōura iti i tōna hua ki te nui rawa te horopeta; ehara tērā i te kī ka whakamate ngā pānga maimoatanga katoa. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā ripanga FAO tawhito i te manawanui wā-poto o tētahi kōura moana penaeid ki te 75 ppm mō te kotahi hāora, me te matenga i te 100 ppm. Kāore aua raraunga e taea te whakawhiti ki te Neocaridina, te Caridina, ngā ngata taika ika rānei, i ngā ripanga FAO mō te tāoke ki te kōura iti. Kia puta rā anō he raraunga mō ia momo motuhake, me karo te pānga o te wai maimoatanga ki ngā kararehe tuaiwi-kore mā te whakamahi i te ipu motuhake.

Tātaitai horopeta taika ika: wāhanga tīmatanga

Ko tēnei wāhanga te tīmatanga o tētahi tātaitai, ka whakaaturia hei tātai whai tauira e taea ana e koe te taki ā-ringa. Ka tātai i te rōrahi wairewa pūtake mō te kaha hua kotahi anake. Kāore e tūtohu ana i tētahi kukūtanga. Kōwhiria te kukūtanga i te tapanga o te pounamu kei tō ringa, mō tō momo ika me tō whāinga, i ngā tohutohu rata kararehe rānei.

Ko te tātai mō te wairewa pūtake 2.303 ōrau pēnei i tā Kordon, e tata ana ki te 23.03 mg waikano mō ia mL:

stock mL = target mg/L x water liters / 23.03

Tahurihia ngā gallons i te tuatahi. Ko te kotahi US gallon e ōrite ana ki te 3.785 liters. Inea te wai e noho tūturu ana, i muri i te tango i te wāhi e nohoia ana e te paparanga raro, ngā whakapaipai, me te āputa hau, kaua ko te rahi ingoa o te taika. Inea te wairewa pūtake ki te pūwero, ki te koko kua whakatauritea rānei, kaua rawa ki te taputapu whakapata kāore anō kia whakatauritea.

Tauira tātai tuatahi, te noho ki te taika i te kaha o te tapanga. Ka mau tētahi ipu maimoatanga tahanga 10 gallon i te tata ki te 9 gallons wai i muri i te hekenga nā ngā mea kei roto, arā, tata ki te 34 liters. Ko te whāinga he 3 mg/L. Ko te wairewa pūtake he 3 x 34 / 23.03, tata ki te 4.4 mL, he iti iho i te kotahi tīpune US, arā, 4.93 mL. Nō reira, e whakapae ana te rahinga tapanga o te kotahi tīpune mō ia 10 gallons kei reira te rōrahi ingoa katoa. Whakaitihia kia hāngai ki te wai kua panaia e ngā mea kei roto.

Tauira tātai tuarua, te rumaki i te kaha o te tapanga. Ko te toru gallons wai rumaki e ōrite ana ki te tata ki te 11.4 liters. Ko te whāinga he 50 mg/L. Ko te wairewa pūtake he 50 x 11.4 / 23.03, tata ki te 24.7 mL, arā, ko te rahinga tapanga o te 5 tīpune. Whakaritea tēnei ki tētahi ipu ehara i te konganuku, kia ōrite te paemahana me te pH ki te taika noho, whakaurua he hau ki ngā maimoatanga roa ake i te rumaki poto rawa, mātakitakitia tonutia te ika, ā, whakamutua te kaukau i te tohu mamae tuatahi, pērā i te hurihuri o te ika, i te hēmanawa rānei. E whai ana taua ture mātakitaki i ngā aratohu rumaki whānui i te upoko whakahaere ika taika o te pukapuka rata kararehe, e tono ana kia ōrite te pH me te paemahana, kia tangohia tonutia te ika ina kitea he mamae, ā, kia nui ake te tūpato mō ngā momo kāore anō kia whakamanahia te rumaki.

Me whai tahi ngā whakatūpato tātaitai e toru nei me te tātaitanga. Tuatahi, ko te 1 ppm e tata ana ki te 1 mg/L i te wai waimeha, nō reira ka taea te whakawhiti i te ppm o te tapanga me te mg/L o ngā rangahau i konei. Tuarua, kaua rawa e whakarerekē i te rumaki mā te wā, kaua mā te tātaitanga: ko te whakarea rua i ngā meneti i te 50 ppm, kāore e ōrite ki te whakawehe rua i te kukūtanga. Tuatoru, tuhia te horopeta i whakamahia tūturu: te ingoa hua me te kaha, te rōrahi wai i inea, ngā milliliters wairewa pūtake, me ngā wā tīmata, mutu hoki. Ki te kore taua pūkete, he matapae noa te whakatau mō te whakakapinga wai e whai ake nei, mō te tukurua rānei.

Te whakahaere tika i ia maimoatanga

Mō te kaukau, te rumaki rānei, whakaritea ngā mea katoa i mua i te wehenga o te ika i tōna taika. Whakaritea te ipu, kia ōrite te paemahana me te pH, whakaurua he hau mō ngā maimoatanga roa ake i ētahi hēkona, ā, waiho he matawā kia kitea. Mau karapu me te ārai kanohi, nā te mea ka whakapokea te kiri, ngā kākahu, me ngā tēpu mahi e te waikano. E kī ana hoki ngā whakarāpopototanga mōrearea paerewa he kino ki te horomia, ā, ka whakapataritari pea i ngā karu me te kiri, e whakahiatotia ana i te pūkete PubChem mō ngā mōrearea o te kikorangi metilīni. Whakamahia he kupenga ngohengohe, kia tere te whakawhiti, mātakitaki me te kore e haukotia, ā, whakahokia te ika ki tōna ake wai i te hēkona kua tohua ki te tapanga, i te tohu raruraru tuatahi rānei, ko tēhea ka puta tuatahi. Kaua e whakamahi anō i te wai kaukau mō ngā huinga ika rerekē.

Mō te noho rā-maha, whakamahia he ipu tahanga me te whakamahana, te whakauru hau ngāwari, me te tātari ā-mīhini, engari kaua he waro, he whakapaipai kōputaputa rānei. Tāpirihia te horopeta kotahi kia rite ki te tapanga, whakamātauria te haukinia me te naitiraiti i ia rā, whāngaia kia iti, ā, whakakapia te wai i runga i ngā kitenga whakamātau, kaua i te tae. I te mutunga o te maimoatanga, mahia te horoi e tohua ana ki te tapanga: whakakapia tētahi wāhanga, te katoa rānei o te wai ki te wai kua whakaritea, kua whakaōritea hoki te paemahana, kātahi ka tāpiri waro hou kua horoia mō te tata ki te 24 ki te 48 hāora. Kei te whakakore waikano i muri i te maimoatanga me te whakaora tātari te raupapa horoi katoa, tae atu ki te silicone kua poke me ngā takitaki tātari koiora.

Kia ōrite te tūpato ki te whakahaere i te wairewa kukū me te tuku para, ki te tūpato mō te maimoatanga. E kī ana a Kordon ehara tana hua taika ika i te mea hei kai mā te tangata, ā, ehara i te rongoā mō ngā ika hei kai i raro i ngā ture US. Kia kati te pounamu, kia tawhiti i ngā tamariki me ngā mōkai, karohia te tauhiuhi, ā, kaua e riringi i te wairewa pūtake kukū ki ngā kōrere para, ki ngā hāpua rānei.

Kōwhiria mā te pātai ko tēhea pūnaha ka pāngia, ā, mō te aha te roa. Ko te pānga poto ki te ika anake e tohu ana ki te kaukau. Ko tētahi take maimoatanga rā-maha kua tohua ki te tapanga e tohu ana ki te ipu maimoatanga tahanga. Ko te taika whakaatu me ōna huakita, ōna tipu, me ōna kararehe tuaiwi-kore, he wāhi ka tae noa atu te waikano ina kāore he kōwhiringa motuhake. Mā taua wehewehenga kotahi, arā, te kukūtanga me te wā me te pūnaha e pāngia ana, ka whakakapia te huinga katoa o ngā tikanga e whakaarohia ana ka taea te whakawhiti noa.