Te hōmesihi o te kikorangi metilīni: he whakamārama i ngā ānau horopeta

Ka whiwhi tētahi kiore i te 4 milligrams per kilogram o te kikorangi metilīni i muri i tana ako ki te mōhio ki tētahi mea, ā, i te rā i muri mai ka maumahara ia. Ka whiwhi tētahi atu kiore i te 50, ā, he iti noa tana huri i tana wīra oma. He ōrite te rāpoi ngota. Kāore i te ōrite te ahunga o te pānga. Ko te tangata kua pānui i ētahi tuhinga maha mō te kikorangi metilīni kua kite i tēnei hurihanga, ā, he ingoa tōna: ko te hōmesihi, he urupare wāhanga-rua e pana ai te pānga iti me te pānga nui ki te putanga ine kotahi, engari ki ngā ahunga tauaro.

Ka whai hua noa taua ingoa mēnā e mōhio ana koe ki ngā mea e kīia ana e ia, me ngā mea kāore e kīia ana. Ka tirohia e tēnei tuhinga ngā huinga raraunga e whā mō te kikorangi metilīni kua whakaputaina, he putanga ine, he awhe kukū, he whakaritenga whakamātau motuhake tō ia huinga. Ka whakaaturia hoki he aha te matū o te waikano e taea ai ēnei hurihanga. Ka mutu ki te whakatūpato e tohea ana e ngā raraunga: ko tētahi ānau e eke ana ki tōna tihi i tētahi whakamātau he whakaahuatanga o taua whakamātau, ehara i te tikanga hei kōwhiri i te horopeta whaiaro.

He ingoa tō te tauira, ā, he whāiti ake tōna tikanga i tāna e rangona ai

Nā Southam rāua ko Ehrlich te kupu hōmesihi i waihanga i te tau 1943, ā, nā Calabrese rāua ko Baldwin tōna āhua ine hou i whakatakoto: he urupare urutau wāhanga-rua, ka puta tika mai, ka puta rānei mā te mahi whakatika i muri i te whakararuraru i te taurite o roto. Kia mōhio ki te mea kāore i roto i taua whakamāramatanga. Kāore te kupu whai painga e puta ana. E kī noa ana te hōmesihi ka huri te ānau i tōna ahunga; kāore he mea kē atu.

Ka whakawhirinaki te āhua e kitea ana e koe ki te putanga ine kei te tuaka poutū. Ina he mahi pai te putanga ine, pērā i te mahi whākōkī, te whakamahinga hāora, te kaute mahara rānei, ka hangaia he U kōaro e te whakaongaonga i te horopeta iti, whai muri ko te aukati i te horopeta nui. Ina he mea kino te putanga ine, pērā i te pānga o te mate, ka hangaia he J, he U rānei e te tāmitanga i te horopeta iti, whai muri ko te whakapikinga i te horopeta nui. He hononga ōrite, engari he rerekē te inenga poutū. Ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau kikorangi metilīni e ine ana i ngā mahi pai, nō reira ka kōrero tēnei tuhinga mō ngā ānau U kōaro, me te mōhio anō he kōwhiringa whakaahua kauwhata noa te pū o te arapū.

Mā te arotake o te tau 2008 i whakakao i ngā urupare hōmesihi o te kikorangi metilīni ka mārama ake te tauine. I ngā rangahau whanonga, mahi tinana me te matū koiora, ka eke ngā urupare i roto i te rohe whakaongaonga ki te 130 ki te 160 ōrau pea o te rōpū whakataurite, ko te toharite kei te takiwā o te 140, i mua i te heke anō mā te taumata whakataurite, ka heke iho hoki i taua taumata i te pikinga tonutanga o te horopeta. He whakarāpopototanga taua awhe o ngā whakamātau maha, ehara i te āhuatanga pūmau o te rāpoi ngota. He tihi motuhake tō ia ānau i raro nei, i roto i ōna ake waeine.

He aha tēnei rāpoi ngota ka huri ai i te ahunga

Ehara te kikorangi metilīni i te kaituku irahiko māmā noa. He kaikawe whakawhiti ka taea te huri whakamuri. Ka tango te āhua kikorangi kua whakahāoratatia i ngā irahiko, ka noho hei āhua kore tae kua whakahekea, ā, ka taea e te āhua kua whakahekea te tuku i aua irahiko ki ngā wāhanga o muri o te ara. E whakaahuatia ana te whakawhitinga irahiko kei muri i ēnei ānau i te kōrero mō te āhua e neke ai te kikorangi metilīni i ngā irahiko, ā, ko taua kaikawe whakawhiti te tino kaupapa i konei.

I ngā kukū iti, ka whakarato taua huringa i tētahi ara kē mō te hā pūtau. Ka taea te whakahāora i te waikano kua whakahekea ki te cytochrome oxidase, te whākōkī whakamutunga o te mekameka kawe irahiko, kia piki ai te tere o tana mahi, me te whakamahinga hāora me te kaha hā pūtau. I ngā kukū teitei ake, ka tīmata taua matū hiahia-irahiko ki te whakataetae ki te mekameka noa, kaua ki te āwhina i a ia: ka whakapohehe i ngā irahiko i tō rātou ara noa, ka whakamahi tika i te hāora, ka whakaputa hoki i ngā momo hāora tauhohe, kaua i te pūngao whai take. He kaikawe whakawhiti whakakōkī iti, ka nui ake te rere; he wāhi tango irahiko whakataetae nui rawa, ka iti ake. Nā te matū ka taea te hurihanga o te ahunga, engari kāore e whakaūngia ana te wāhi ka eke ai tētahi putanga ine motuhake ki tōna tihi.

Ko tētahi taunakitanga motuhake mō te whakawhirinaki ki te kukū ka ahu mai i ngā pūtau kāore rawa he mitokōria. I ngā whakamātau pūtau toto whero o te tau 1976, nā te kukū iti o te 1 micromolar i whakaongaonga te ara hexose monophosphate mā tētahi ara i tino whakawhirinaki ki te oxyhemoglobin. Engari ko te kukū kotahi rau whakareatanga teitei ake, arā, te 0.1 millimolar, kāore i tino rerekē ahakoa he oxyhemoglobin, kāore rānei, ā, i whakaputa hauwai perōkai i ngā whakamātautau ine e toru katoa i whakamahia. He waikano ōrite, e rua ngā tikanga mahi, ko te kukū te mea wehe i a rāua. Kāore ngā pūtau toto whero e mahi hā pūtau, nō reira ehara tēnei i te ānau mitokōria. Heoi, ka whakaatu tēnei i te rerekētanga o te āhua o te matū whakahāora–whakaheke o te waikano i te pikinga o te kukū, ā, ko tēnei tonu te mea e hiahiatia ana e te whakamārama mō te mitokōria.

E whā ngā ānau, e whā ngā whakaritenga

Ka tuhi anō te whakaahua i raro nei i ngā huinga raraunga e whā, tētahi ki te taha o tētahi. Ka pupuri ia wāhanga i ōna ake tuaka me ōna ake āhuatanga whakamātau, nā te mea ko te whakatakoto i aua mea ki runga i te tauine kotahi te teka tuatahi ka taea e tēnei tuhinga te kōrero. He whakaahua whakarāpopoto te tuhinga; kei te kupu ngā uara pū me ngā āhuatanga whakamātau.

Wāhanga A: te cytochrome oxidase i te ranunga kiko roro kiore kua whakahanumitia kia ōrite. Ko te ānau mitokōria tino mārama ka ahu mai i tētahi puna tuarua, kua tuhia ki te arotake mai i ngā raraunga o te ranunga kiko roro kiore: tata ki te 138 ōrau o te mahi whakataurite i te 0.5 micromolar, ka hoki ki te whakataurite tata ki te 5 micromolar, ka heke iho i te taumata taketake tata ki te 10 micromolar. I reira ka whakapae ngā kaituhi kei te tango te waikano i ngā irahiko i ngā matatini noa o te mekameka. He ranunga kiko kua whakahanumitia kia ōrite, he micromolar, he whakamātautau ine mā te ngongo mārama. Ko taua rerenga kōrero te katoa o te horopaki, ā, kāore he tikanga o te ānau i waho atu i taua horopaki.

Wāhanga B: te mahara o te kiore me te oma wīra. I te rangahau mahara kiore, i whakamātauria ngā werohanga kotahi whai muri i te whakangungu, 24 hāora i muri mai. I ngā horopeta 1 ki te 10 milligrams per kilogram, kāore e kitea he rerekētanga o te haere me te kai ki ērā o te rōpū wai tote. Engari nā te 50 ki te 100 milligrams per kilogram i tino whakaiti te oma wīra (ko te tau waenga he 35 ki te 279 hurihanga), ā, nā te horopeta teitei rawa i whakaara ngā huruhuru, i whakaputa korikori rangirua, me te matenga kotahi. Nā te horopeta 4 milligrams per kilogram i whakapai ake te waia me te mōhio ki ngā mea: tata ki te 10 hēkona te roa ake o te wā i pau i ngā kiore i whiwhi i te matū ki te mea hou. I piki te whakamahinga hāora o te roro i te ranunga kiko i pāngia ki ngā kukū micromolar iti o te waikano kua whakahekea, ā, i ngā roro hoki i tangohia 24 hāora i muri i te hoatutanga o te 1 milligram per kilogram ki te kararehe ora. Kia mōhio ki te wehenga: mō te whanonga, i whakamahia ngā horopeta mō te tinana katoa whai muri i te whakangungu; mō te whakamahinga hāora, i whakamahia ngā kukū o te ranunga kiko me tētahi horopeta ki te kararehe ora. E rua ēnei whakamātau, ehara i te ānau kotahi.

Wāhanga C: te ara pōhēhē T o te ika hēpara. I te rangahau ika hēpara, i rumakina ngā ika kua whakangungua mō te 12 hāora whai muri i te whakangungu ki ngā kukū wai kua whakaritea o te 0.1, 0.5, 5.0, 10.0 micromolar rānei, ka whakatauritea ki tētahi rōpū waikano kai kikorangi. Ko te rōpū 0.5 micromolar te mea i pai rawa te mahi, i ōrite te rōpū 5.0 ki te whakataurite, ā, he kino ake te mahi a te rōpū 10.0 i ngā rōpū horopeta iti ake. E rua ngā whakatūpato e haere tahi ana me tēnei wāhanga. Ehara te micromolar o te wai rumaki i te micromolar o te toto, o te roro rānei; kei waenganui i te wai o te taika me te kiko ngā tukanga tohatoha me te whakaemi. Waihoki, he ngoikore ake ngā tatauranga i tā te āhua e tohu ai: i rerekē te horopeta nui i ngā rōpū horopeta iti ake, engari kāore i pūrongotia ētahi atu rerekētanga whai hiranga ā-tatauranga i waenganui i ngā rōpū. He tūturu te ānau, engari he taratara.

Wāhanga D: te ara pūtau toto whero. Nā Metz me ōna hoa i whakataurite te 1 micromolar ki te 0.1 millimolar i ngā pūtau toto whero tangata, i raro i te hau, te waro haukura, me tētahi ranunga e whakaputa ana i te carboxyhemoglobin tata ki te katoa, i te pēhanga hāora ā-tinana noa. I tino heke te whakaongaonga horopeta iti i te korenga o te oxyhemoglobin; kāore i tino rerekē te whakaongaonga horopeta nui. I puta noa te perōkai i te horopeta nui. E tika ana kia noho tēnei wāhanga ki te taha o ērā atu hei whakaatu i te matū, kaua hei ira tuawhā ki runga i tētahi ānau matua: kāore he mitokōria, kotahi rau whakareatanga te wehenga kukū, ā, kua āta whakarerekētia ngā ranunga haurehu.

He aha ngā tihi kāore e ōrite ai, ā, he aha e kore ai e tika kia ōrite

Kei te 0.5 micromolar i tētahi ranunga kiko tētahi tihi, kei te 4 milligrams per kilogram i werohia whai muri i te whakangungu tētahi, kei te 0.5 micromolar i te wai taika tētahi, ā, kei tētahi takirua kukū iti me te kukū nui, kotahi rau whakareatanga te wehenga, i ngā pūtau toto whero tētahi. He hapa whakarōpū te whakaaro he tau ōrite ētahi e rua o ēnei. He ānau motuhake tō ia putanga ine: kāore te taumata tino pai mō te mahara e herea kia ōrite ki te taumata tino pai mō te mahi oxidase, te whakamahinga hāora, te haere, te whakaputanga perōkai rānei. He tikanga rerekē tō ia waeine kukū: he rahinga rerekē te micromolar o te ranunga kiko, te micromolar kua whakaritea o te wai rumaki, te milligrams per kilogram mō te tinana katoa, me ngā kukū o te wē toto, te roro me te mitokōria. Nā te kaha o te kikorangi metilīni ki te whakaemi i ngā mitokōria me te roro ka noho wehe tonu aua rahinga. Ka tāpiri ia tauira whakamātau i ōna ake āhuatanga nekehanga rongoā i te tinana: mā te momo kararehe, te ara tuku me te wā e whakatau ko tēhea kiko ka tūtaki ki te nui pēhea o te waikano, mō te roa pēhea.

I konei hoki ka whai take te wāhi o te horopeta me te ara tuku ki te haumaru o te kikorangi metilīni. Ko ngā pānga horopeta nui i ēnei tuhinga — te tāmitanga o te korikori, te korikori rangirua, te kiore kotahi kua mate, te whakaputanga perōkai — he tohu paitini i roto i ō rātou ake whakaritenga whakamātau, ehara i te paenga haumaru mō tētahi atu. Ā, ko te tangata e hiahia ana ki te huri i te 4 milligrams per kilogram i te kiore hei hōtaka whakamahi mā te tangata, me pānui tuatahi e pēhea ana te hononga o ngā kitenga kararehe ki ngā taunakitanga tangata: kāore e rawaka te huringa māmā mā te milligram-per-kilogram i waenganui i ngā momo.

Te hapa hei karo

He whakawai te U kōaro, nā te mea he rite tōna āhua ki tētahi pātene whakatika horopeta kua tohua tōna wāhi tino pai. Ehara i tērā. Ka whakaahua te hōmesihi i te mea i pā ki tētahi putanga ine i roto i tētahi whakaritenga whakamātau. Ki te whakakao koe i ngā whakaahuatanga pēnei e whā, ka whiwhi koe i ngā tihi e whā i roto i ngā pūnaha waeine e whā; he tino tauaro tēnei ki tētahi pātene whakatika. Ko te whakamahinga pono o ēnei ānau he whakataurite, he whakatūpato hoki: me tūmanako ka huri ngā pānga i te rerekētanga o te kukū, me tūmanako ka huri ia putanga ine ki tōna ake wāhi, ā, kaua e whakawhirinaki ki tētahi kerēme e whakamahi ana i te tihi o tētahi whakamātau hei whakatika i tētahi horopeta mō tētahi momo kararehe, ara tuku, kiko, kaupapa rānei e rerekē ana. Ko te wehenga i waenganui i ngā tauira whakamātau me ngā whakatau horopeta whaiaro te tino kaupapa o tēnei tuhinga katoa, kua kōrerotia anō kia kore ai e ngaro.

Me pēhea te pānui i te tuhinga horopeta–urupare e whai ake nei

E whā ngā pātai e tika ana mō te nuinga o ngā ānau kikorangi metilīni ka kitea e koe. Ko tēhea putanga ine kei te tuaka poutū, ā, ina huri tōna ahunga, ka tuhia he U, he J rānei. Ko tēhea kukū e pūrongotia ana e te tuaka whakapae: te kukū wai rumaki kua whakaritea, te ranunga kiko, te wē toto, te kukū roro kua whakatau tatahia, te horopeta rānei i hoatu mō te tinana katoa. Nā tēhea tauira me tēhea wā i puta ai: he ranunga kiko, he pūtau whakatipu me ngā rama e kā ana, e weto ana rānei, he kararehe kua whakangungua, kua hoatu te horopeta i mua, i muri rānei i te whakangungu, ā, nōnahea i whakamātauria ai. Ā, he aha te whakataurite: he wai tote, he waikano kai kikorangi, he matū kawe rānei, me te pātai hoki mēnā e tautoko ana ngā tatauranga o te tuhinga i ia kerēme whakataurite takirua, i te āhua whānui anake rānei. He pai te whakapau wā ki tētahi tuhinga e whakautu ana i ngā pātai e whā katoa. Ko tētahi e pūrongo ana i te tihi me te kore o aua whakautu, kua hoatu ki a koe he tau kāore ōna horopaki.