He nui ake te ATP ina nui ake te whakapau hāora? Ngā akoranga mai i ngā rangahau kahurangi metilīni

Kei roto tētahi mitokōria kua wehea i tētahi rūma whakamātautau, me te matū tuku pūngao, engari kāore he ADP. He pōturi tana whakapau hāora. Tāpirihia he ADP, ā, ka piki te whakapau hāora kia maha ngā whakareatanga. Tatari kia pau te ADP, ā, ka heke anō te whakapau hāora. Kāore te matū tuku pūngao i rerekē. Ko te hiahia ki te ATP anake i rerekē.

Kei roto i taua raupapatanga iti te rerekētanga matua e kōrerotia ana i tēnei tuhinga. Ka ine te whakapau hāora i te tere o te rere irahiko mā te mekameka hā pūtau ki te hāora. Ka ine te whakaputa ATP i te nui o taua rere ka hopukina hei pūngao ka taea te whakamahi. He takahanga waenga tō rāua, arā, ko te rōnaki iraoho puta noa i te kiriuhi o roto o te mitokōria. Ko ngā mea katoa ka whakarerekē i te kaha o te hononga o taua rōnaki ki te hanga ATP, ka taea hoki te neke i ngā putanga e rua ki ngā ahunga rerekē. He tauira whaihua te kahurangi metilīni i konei, nā te mea kua kitea e mahi ana i ngā mea e rua: e whakapiki ana i te whakamahinga hāora me te ATP i ētahi tauira whakamātautau, ā, e whakapiki ana i te whakamahinga hāora i te wā ka noho pūmau, ka heke rānei te ATP i ētahi atu.

Ka taea e ngā kaipānui e hiahia ana ki te tirohanga whānui o te whakawhitinga irahiko te tīmata ki te whakamārama mō te kawe irahiko a te kahurangi metilīni mā te mekameka hā pūtau. Ka taea hoki e ngā kaipānui e hiahia ana ki ngā kupu o ngā whakamātautau hāora tōmua te pānui i ngā mea i tino whakaaturia e ngā inenga hā pūtau tuatahi.

Te hā pūtau, te ATP, me te rōnaki i waenganui i a rāua

Ka uru ngā irahiko mai i te NADH me te FADH2 ki te mekameka i ngā matatini I me II, ka whakawhiti mā te matatini III ki te saitokaroma c, kātahi mā te matatini IV ki te hāora. Ko te pūngao ka tukuna i ngā matatini I, III, me IV ka papu i ngā iraoho mai i te matū o roto o te mitokōria ki te wāhi i waenganui i ngā kiriuhi. Ko taua wehenga o te utu hiko me te waikawatanga te tōpana akiaki iraoho. Ko tōna wāhanga hiko, arā, ko te pūmanawa kiriuhi, te wāhanga matua i te nuinga o te wā.

Ka tuku te whākōkī hanga ATP i ngā iraoho kia rere hoki ki te matū o roto, ā, ka whakamahi i te pūngao ka tukuna hei hono i te ADP me te pūkawa kia hangaia te ATP. Nō reira, koinei te raupapatanga:

te whakapau hāora, kātahi te papu iraoho, kātahi te rōnaki, kātahi te hanga ATP.

Ko te raruraru, ka taea e ngā iraoho te hoki mā ētahi atu ara. Ko te hokinga ka hipa i te whākōkī hanga ATP he turuturu iraoho. Nā te turuturu me papu anō te mekameka i aua iraoho kia noho pūmau te pūmanawa kiriuhi. Ka whakapau hāora anō tēnei, engari kāore e whakaputa ATP anō. Ki te kaha rawa te turuturu, ka motu te hononga: ka piki te whakamahinga hāora i te wā ka noho pūmau, ka heke rānei te ATP, ā, ka puta te pūngao moumou hei wera.

Te āhua 3, te āhua 4, me te ōwehenga whakahaere hā pūtau

I ahu mai ngā kupu tuku iho mō tēnei i ngā mitokōria kua wehea. Ko te āhua 3 te hā pūtau i te wā kei reira te matū whāngai me te ADP: ka whakaheke te whākōkī hanga ATP i te rōnaki, ka heke paku te pūmanawa kiriuhi, ka tere ake te mekameka hei hanga anō i taua rōnaki, ā, he nui te whakamahinga hāora nā te mea e hangaia ana te ATP. Ko te āhua 4 te hā pūtau i muri i te paunga o te ADP: ka noho tatari te whākōkī hanga ATP, ka piki te rōnaki, ka ātete te pūmanawa kiriuhi teitei ki te papu iraoho anō, ā, ka heke te whakamahinga hāora ki te nui e hiahiatia ana hei utu mō te turuturu.

Nō reira, ka whakaatu te ōwehenga whakahaere hā pūtau, arā, te āhua 3 kua whakawehea ki te āhua 4, i te kaha o te hononga i roto i te tauira whakamātautau. Ki te teitei te ōwehenga, he kaha te whakahaere a te ADP i te hā pūtau. Ki te heke te ōwehenga i te wā ka piki te āhua 4, e kaha haere ana te mana o te turuturu. Mā tēnei tirohanga ka mārama ngā hua kahurangi metilīni kei raro nei.

He tauira whakaaro hei maumahara. Ka whakatōturi te pūmanawa kiriuhi teitei i te mekameka. Ka tere ake te mekameka ina marara taua pūmanawa. Ka urupare te mekameka ki te uaua o te papu iraoho, kāore e urupare hāngai ki te hanga ATP.

Te wā ka piki ngātahi ngā putanga

Ko te tauira mārama rawa o te hononga ka ahu mai i ngā mitokōria kua wehea mai i te roro poaka kini, kua āraia hoki ō rātou matatini hā pūtau. I te 100 nanomolar ki te 1 micromolar kahurangi metilīni, ka piki te whakapau hāora i te wā okioki, mā te kutamāta me te mālāta, mā te hakunāta, mā te kirihopūkawa rānei hei matū tuku pūngao. Heoi, kāore te hā pūtau i whakaohohia e te ADP i rerekē. I ngā mitokōria kua whakakinohia te matatini I, te matatini III rānei e te matū tāoke, ka whakapiki paku te waikano i te whakaputa ATP, ka whakahoki i te pūmanawa kiriuhi, ā, ka pai ake te kapo konupūmā. He ara poto te ara e whakaarotia ana: ka tango te waikano i ngā irahiko i mua i te wāhi ārai, ā, ka tuku ki te saitokaroma c, ka hipa i te matatini kua kino.

Ka whakamahi tētahi tauira hononga tuarua i tētahi puna ATP tino rerekē. I roto i ngā mitokōria roro kua wehea, kua aukatia hoki te whākōkī hanga ATP, i whakaoho tonu te kahurangi metilīni i te hā pūtau mō ia matū whāngai i whakamātauria. Engari i piki te hanga ATP mō te ārepa ketokutarāta me te kutamāta anake, arā, ngā matū whāngai e rua ka hanga i te hakunira CoA. I te wā i āraia ai te whākōkī hanga ATP e te orikomaihini, i ahu mai te ATP tāpiri i te tāpiritanga pūkawa i te taumata matū whāngai, mā te whākōkī hono hakunira CoA i roto i te huringa waikawa rēmana, kāore i ahu mai i te tāpiritanga pūkawa mā te hāoratanga. I whakahoki hoki te waikano i te pūmanawa kiriuhi i te wā i aukatia ngātahitia te matatini I me te whākōkī hanga ATP. I konei, i piki ngātahi te whakamahinga hāora me te ATP, engari i ngā wāhi anake i whakaaetia ai taua ara ATP tuarua e te matū whāngai. Mō te hakunāta me te mālāta, i piki te hā pūtau me te kore ATP tāpiri. Ko taua waikano tonu, ko taua rūma whakamātautau tonu, engari he matū tuku pūngao rerekē, he whakautu rerekē hoki.

Te wā ka wehe kē ngā putanga

Kua whakaputaina hoki ngā tauira o te wehenga, ā, he rite tonu tō rātou whaihua hei akoranga. I tētahi rangahau o te tau 1997 mō ngā mitokōria kua wehea mai i te ate kiore, i whakatere te kahurangi metilīni i te hā pūtau āhua 4 o ngā mitokōria he kaha te hononga, e whakamahi ana i te hakunāta. Nā tēnei i heke ai te ōwehenga whakahaere hā pūtau. I kitea te pānga mai i te 0.5 micromolar, ā, he kaha i te 5 micromolar. He kukū tēnei e tata ana ki ngā taumata wē toto i muri i te tuku ohorere o te 100 milligram mā te ia toto. I te 5 micromolar, i pupuhi hoki ngā mitokōria. Heoi, i puta tuatahi te hapa o te hononga i ngā kukū iti iho, e tohu ana i puta te turuturu i mua i te kino o te hanganga, kāore i ahu mai i taua kino. I ngā mitokōria kua motu te hononga, i whakaoho te waikano i te hā pūtau i runga i te kukū, tae noa ki tētahi mōrahi kāore i piki ake. I piki te whakamahinga hāora i ngā momo tauira e rua. Kāore i piki te hanga ATP mō ia wāhanga hāora i whakapaua. He tauira tēnei o te motunga hononga me te kawe irahiko e whakaaturia ana i ngā pukapuka ako, kei roto tonu i te rāpoi ngota kotahi.

Ko te wehenga tino kitea ka ahu mai i te etine. I roto i ngā kiore he iti te AIF me ngā pūtau whiwhi aho i tukuna ki te rotenone, i tiaki te kahurangi metilīni i te mātotoru o te etine, ngā tohu o ngā pūtau whiwhi aho, me te hanganga o ngā mitokōria. I whakaheke hoki i te ōwehenga NADH ki te NAD, ā, i whakaiti i te mahi o ngā ara urupare ki te taumahatanga, tae atu ki te urupare ki ngā pūmua kāore anō kia pōkaihia me te whakakorenga mitokōria. I pēnei me te kore e whakatika i te korenga o te ATP. Ko te tiakitanga me te kore e whakahoki i te pūngao e tohu ana i ahu mai te painga i te taurite o te hāoratanga me te whakahekenga, me te tōtika o ngā mitokōria, kāore i ahu mai i te ATP tāpiri. Ko te tangata ka whakaarohia he ōrite te oranga tonutanga o te kiko ki te whakahokinga o te whakaputa pūngao, ka tino hē tana whakamāori i taua whakamātautau.

Ka tāpiri te rangahau mitokōria roro i tētahi utu ki aua hua. Ko aua kukū iti tonu i whakapai ake i te whakaputa me te whakamahi pūngao i whakapiki hoki i te hanga hauwai waikurate i raro i ia āhuatanga i whakamātauria, ā, i whakatōturi i tōna whakakorenga. I inea tēnei mā tētahi whakamātautau Amplex kua whakatauritea tōna tika, kaua mā tētahi waikano kāore e whāiti ana ki taua matū. I haere ngātahi te ATP nui ake me te matū whakahāora nui ake.

He rārangi arowhai mō te pānui

E whā ngā pātai hei wehe i te hua he hononga tōna i te hua kua motu tōna hononga.

Tuatahi, ko tēhea putanga i tino inea. Kāore te whakapau hāora anake e whakaatu i te ATP. Ka tāpiri te hanga ATP, te pūmanawa kiriuhi, me te ōwehenga whakahaere hā pūtau, tēnā me tōna ake kōrero kāore e kitea e te kawehiko hāora. Ka whakamārama taipitopito te aratohu mō te pānui i ngā kerēme rangahau kahurangi metilīni i tēnei tikanga āta aromatawai i ngā putanga.

Tuarua, ko tēhea matū whāngai i tukuna ki ngā mitokōria. Ka whakaatu te hua hakunira CoA ka taea e te kōwhiringa matū tuku pūngao te whakatau mēnā ka taea rawa te hā pūtau tāpiri te huri hei ATP tāpiri.

Tuatoru, ko tēhea kukū i whakamahia. I ngā mitokōria roro, i puta he whakapainga iti ki te whakaputa me te whakamahi pūngao i te kahurangi metilīni nanomolar ki te micromolar iti, me te pikinga o ngā matū whakahāora hei utu. I ngā mitokōria ate, i te haurua micromolar me runga ake, ka ngoikore haere te hononga; i te 5 micromolar, ka tāpiri atu te pupuhitanga. He wāhanga te kukū o te tukanga, ehara i te taipitopito papamuri noa.

Tuawhā, ko tēhea tauira rangahau i puta ai te hua. Ka whakaatu ngā mitokōria kua wehea i ngā ara o roto, engari ka tāpiri ngā pūtau me ngā kiko e mau tonu ana i te kawe matū, te whakahekenga ki te āhua kore tae, me ngā ara whakataetae e kapo ana i ngā irahiko. Ko ngā rangahau taiwhanga mō te rahinga matū ka tukuna, tae atu ki te āhua e whakarerekē ai te kukū me te kawa whakamātautau i ngā pānga kahurangi metilīni, te hononga i waenganui i ngā tau o te rūma whakamātautau me ngā kerēme mō te tangata.

Ka whakaatu te whakapau hāora i te rere irahiko. Ka whakaatu te ATP i te nui o taua rere i hopukina. Ka taea e te kahurangi metilīni te whakarerekē i tētahi, i tētahi rānei, ā, ka whakaatu ngā whakamātautau o runga i ngā huinga e whā ka whai mai: ka piki ngā mea e rua, ka piki te hā pūtau i ngā wāhi anake e whakaaetia ana e te matū whāngai, ka piki te hā pūtau i te wā ka heke te hononga, ā, ka tiakina te kiko i te wā ka noho pūmau te ATP. Ko te tau kei te kawehiko hāora te tīmatanga o te whakamāoritanga, ehara i tōna mutunga.